What finite simple groups we can obtain using octonions?

Rearranged on 2017-05-31

What I am missing is a uniform definition of finite simple groups. Especially sporadic groups are difficult to define.

Many of the finite groups are defined using machinery from Lie groups. For example compact group $$F_4$$ is defined using Albert algebra over octonions. Finite group $$F_4(q)$$ is defined similarly by using octonions over field $$\mathbb F_q$$. See for example Wilson - Albert algebras and construction of the finite simple groups $$F_4(q)$$, $$E_6(q)$$ and $$^2E_6(q)$$ and their generic covers.

Lie group $$G_2$$ is defined as group of automorphisms of octonions. Finite group $$G_2(q)$$ is group of automorphisms of finite octonions $$\mathbb O(q)$$. I observed that this group is generated by elements $$(L_xR_y)^2$$ where $$x$$, $$y$$ are imaginary perpendicular octonions. Such element fix subalgebra $$\langle x,y\rangle$$. $$L_x$$ is left multiplication and $$R_x$$ is right multiplication by octonion $$x$$. Octonion $$x$$ is imaginary when $$x\bar x=1$$ and $$\bar x=-x$$ and $$x \neq 1$$. Two imaginary octonions are perpendicular when they commute or anticommute (equivalently product of them is imaginary). The number of imaginary octonions is $$q^6-1$$ for $$q$$ even; $$q^6+(-1)^{(q - 1)/2}q^3$$ for $$q$$ odd. By experiment in GAP I conjecture that number of perpendicular imaginary elements to fixed imaginary $$u$$ is $$q^5-2$$ for $$q$$ even; $$q^5+(-1)^{(q + 1)/2}q^2$$ for $$q$$ odd. As next step we can count number of involutions equal to number of quaternion subalgebras. We need to be careful in characteristic two, what the quaternion subalgebra is. There are two involution conjugacy classes in this case. The stabilizer of involution is $$D_2(q)$$ in case of $$q$$ odd. Another step would be to find $$SU_3$$ equivalent there. Surprisingly there are two of them $$U_3(q)$$ and $$SL_3(q)$$.

In compact Lie group $$G_2$$ each element fixes some complex subalgebra of octonions. The automorphisms fixing a given subalgebra form $$SU_3$$. In the finite case each element of $$G_2(q)$$ fixes some 2-dimensional subalgebra generated by one element. The automorphisms fixing a given 2-dimensional subalgebra generated by one element form $$U_3(q)$$ or $$SL_3(q)$$ (the details to be clarified).

I found generators of $$S_8(2)$$ using octonions $$\mathbb O(2)$$. The conjugacy class of size 255 consists of elements $$\{L_xR_xS\}$$ for invertible $$x$$, $$I+L_uR_u$$ for $$uu=0$$ and $$I+(S+L_\bar v)R_v$$ for other zero divisor $$v$$ (satisfying $$vv=v$$) ($$S$$ is matrix of conjugation). Group $$S_8(2)$$ is equal to $$O_9(2)$$, so it corresponds to $$Spin_9$$ subgroup in $$F_4$$. Look at $$F_4$$ as automorphisms of projective plane $$\mathbb OP^2$$ and $$Spin_9$$ as automorphisms of $$\mathbb OP^1$$. How could we define $$O_9(q) \subset F_4(q)$$ using finite octonions $$\mathbb O(q)$$?

Similarly how to define $$O_{10}^+(q) \subset E_6(q)$$ and $$O_{10}^-(q) \subset {^2E_6(q)}$$ using finite octonions? In compact case we may look at $$E_6$$ as automorphisms of "projective plane $$\mathbb C \otimes \mathbb OP^2$$". See Baez. I put quotes, because not all mathematicians believe in this "projective plane". In compact case we have $$Spin_{10}$$ and $$E_6$$ as automorphisms of $$1$$- and $$2$$-dimensional planes over $$\mathbb C \otimes \mathbb O$$.

Has anybody tried to define $$E_7(q)$$ and $$E_8(q)$$ using octonions? What are the $$O_{12}$$ and $$O_{16}$$ embedded?

Leech lattice can be seen as result of 819 points on $$\mathbb OP^2$$. See the definition in Wilson - Octonions and the Leech lattice of the Leech lattice. It is defined as union of 819 distinct $$E_8$$ lattices.

I don't know how to ask about application of finite octonions to define sporadic groups. I encountered big criticism here.

• What precisely do you denote by $L_x$ and $R_y$, and what do you mean by imaginary perpendicular octonions? May 26, 2017 at 19:04
• I am afraid it has been closed, but I voted to reopen. It's a pity that it's not possible to vote against closing. May 30, 2017 at 21:45
• @Derek: Sure you cannot literally 'vote' against closing -- but I think your comment actually counts more than a vote! May 31, 2017 at 9:28
• Hi Marek. The incorporation of discoveries, additions, etc. into the question begins to make the question hard to read, or even to locate in the text. An alternative might be to collect the information you have subsequently obtained in an answer below the question. You can make the answer CW if you like. Jan 1, 2019 at 14:43
• @Todd : you mean no CW complex is needed ? : -) Jan 1, 2019 at 16:51

Discovery 2019-01-01

Let $$u$$ be order 3 octonion of norm $$1$$ and trace $$-1$$ (in case of characteristic 2 we have $$-1=1$$; norm is $$x\bar x$$, trace is $$x+\bar x$$). Then element $$L_uR_{u^{-1}}$$ is automorphism. This way we obtain order 3 generators of $$G_2(q)$$. I tested it in GAP for $$q=2,3,4,5,7,8,9$$. I don't know how to prove it yet but it seems to be rather easy. I define finite octonions as $$\mathbb H_q+\mathbb H_q\iota$$ using Cayley-Dickson formula. We define quaternions $$\mathbb H_q=M_2\mathbb F_q$$ as matrices $$2\times 2$$ over finite field. Conjugation is defined as adjugate matrix - exchange elements on the diagonal and reverse sign off-diagonal. The complex numbers algebra is finite field $$\mathbb F_{q^2}$$ represented by subalgebra generated by matrix $$\pmatrix{n&1\\ 1&0}$$ of order $$q+1$$ when $$n$$ is order $$q-1$$ generator of the field multiplicative group. This matrix satisfy equation $$x^2=nx+1$$.

Having $$\mathbb C_q=\mathbb F_{q^2}$$ we can also define quaternions using Cayley-Dickson formula $$\mathbb H_q=\mathbb C_q+\mathbb C_qj$$. Conjugation is then defined as $$\overline{x+yj}=\bar{x}-yj$$. It coincides with Frobenius automorphism $$x\to x^q$$ of the field $$\mathbb F_{q^2}$$.

Similar law is valid for compact octonions. Take $$u=e^{2πi/3}$$ for some imaginary octonion $$i$$. Then $$L_uR_{u^{-1}}$$ is automorphism fixing complex plane $$\langle1,i\rangle$$ and rotating by angle $$\frac{2π}{3}$$ in perpendicular space.

End of discovery

Let $$T_u$$ denote $$L_uR_{\bar u}$$. Then we have following formula $$T_u^{T_v}=T_{u^v}$$. In this formula $$g^h=h^{-1}gh$$ valid in the group or in octonion algebra (elements of norm 1 are invertible).

Recipe for $$J_2$$

Let $$u,v,w$$ be three octonions of norm 1 and trace 1 over field $$F_4$$ such that order of product of each pair is 5 (for fixed $$u$$ there are 2016 such $$v$$; for fixed $$u,v$$ there are 960 such $$w$$). It is equivalent to the fact that pair generate group $$A_5$$ or 4-dimensional subalgebra $$M_2F_4$$. In such case elements $$T_u, T_v, T_w$$ generate group $$J_2$$ of size 604800. From the formula above we have that 3A conjugacy class in the group corresponds to constellation of 560 order 3 octonions closed by conjugation $$x\to \bar yxy$$. What is the meaning of such constellation ? I am looking for geometrical object preserved by group $$J_2\subset G_24$$.

• Does this work regardless of whether the field contains square roots of $-1$ or not? Jan 2, 2019 at 12:50
• Yes, in field GF(5) we have $2*2=-1$ and it works as well.
– user21230
Jan 2, 2019 at 12:59
• So there is no analog of the fact that over $\mathbb R$ there are split and non-split octonions which only become isomorphic over $\mathbb C$? Jan 2, 2019 at 14:23
• Over finite field there is just one version of octonions as far as I remember. In odd characteristic you can use both definitions but you receive the same algebra anyway. In characteristic two there is just one definition you should use - the one for split octonions - which you can extend to characteristic 2. I am not sure what similar algebras of dimension 8 exist over each of the finite field. I have not done any systematic research here. What I know for sure is that split octonions definition can be used over any field. See function OctaveAlgebra in GAP which defines such algebra.
– user21230
Jan 2, 2019 at 15:02
• I am afraid of editing my answer - it seems editing is persecuted on this forum - so I add new information as a comment. The number of norm 1 and trace -1 octonions is $q^6-q^3, q^6+q^3, q^6-1$ and stabilizer is $3.L_3(q), 3.U_3(q)$ or other for $q=1,2,0(mod 3)$. It would be interesting to connect maximal subgroups of $G_2(q)$ to subgroups fixing some subalgebras of octonions. What objects are fixed by sporadics $J_2$ and $J_1$ embedded in $G_2(4)$ and $G_2(11)$ ?
– user21230
Jan 3, 2019 at 9:38