Reduced BF-monoids fit the bill here.
If $H$ is a multiplicatively written monoid with identity $1_H$, then an atom of $H$ is an element $a \in H \setminus H^\times$ for which there do not exist $x, y \in H \setminus H^\times$ such that $a = xy$, where $H^\times$ is the group of units of $H$. In particular, $H$ is called atomic if every non-unit of $H$ is a (finite) product of atoms, and is a BF-monoid if the factorizations (into atoms) of a fixed element cannot get arbitrarily long. On the other hand, we say that $H$ is reduced if $H^\times = \{1_H\}$.
There is a vast literature on the factorization theory of atomic monoids, though most of it is centered on the commutative and cancellative setting, for which you may want to have a look to:
A. Geroldinger and F. Halter-Koch, Non-Unique Factorizations. Algebraic, Combinatorial and Analytic Theory, Pure Appl. Math. 278, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (FL), 2006.
If, on the other hand, you are also interested in non-cancellative or non-commutative monoids, then it's a totally different story, and the best I can do is to address you to my own work with Yushuang Fan, where you will find some pointers to relevant literature (most notably, Smertnig's and Baeth and Smertnig's papers on cancellative categories) and an entire section devoted to basic aspects of the theory (namely, Sect. 2):
Y. Fan and S. Tringali, Power monoids: A bridge between Factorization Theory and Arithmetic Combinatorics, preprint (arXiv:1701.09152).
Lastly, if you find yourself wondering about sufficient conditions for a monoid to be BF, then there might be just the thing for you in another thread: Among many others, free monoids and free abelian monoids are BF-monoids (this is obvious), and so is the multiplicative monoid of non-zero elements of a Noetherian integral domain (this is less obvious). Moreover, if $H$ is a unit-cancellative BF-monoid ("unit-cancellative" means that $xy=x$ or $yx=x$, for some $x, y \in H$, implies $y \in H^\times$) and $M$ is a submonoid of $H$ with $M^\times = M \cap H^\times$, then $M$ is a BF-monoid too (Theorem 2.22(iv) + Corollary 2.23 in the above preprint). In point of fact, some of the examples mentioned in the OP are a special case of these.
Of course, reduced BF-monoids are not the only semigroups that fit your requests. But, to the best of my knowledge, they are the only class for which a systematic theory of factorization has been so far developed.
Edit. In the comments to this answer, Mark Sapir writes, "This does not seem to answer the question. The OP likes idempotents and does not like units." So, let me try to clarify why this is an answer to the question, though not the only one possible (I'll continue with the same notations used in the above).
Given $x \in H \setminus \{1_H\}$, we denote by $\mathsf L_H(x)$ the set of all $k \in \mathbf N^+$ for which there exist atoms $a_1, \ldots, a_k \in \mathbf N^+$ such that $x = a_1 \cdots a_k$. Moreover, we take $\mathsf L_H(1_H) := \{0\}$. It can be proved (this is not for free) that ${\sf L}_H(u) = \emptyset$ for every $u \in H^\times \setminus \{1_H\}$. In addition, it is straightforward that
$$
\mathsf L_H(x) + \mathsf L_H(y) \subseteq \mathsf L_H(xy),\ \text{ for all }x, y \in H.
$$
Lastly, $H$ is a BF-monoid iff $\mathsf L_H(x)$ is finite and non-empty for every $x \in H \setminus H^\times$.
With this in mind, assume $H$ is a reduced BF-monoid, so that $\mathsf L_H(x)$ is finite and non-empty for all $x \in H$. Accordingly, pick $\bar x \in H \setminus \{1_H\}$, and let $\rho(\bar x)$ be the maximum of $\mathsf L_H(\bar x)$. If $m$ is an integer $\ge 1 + \rho(\bar x)$ and $\bar x = x_1 \cdots x_m$ for some $x_1, \ldots, x_m \in H$, then
$$
\mathsf L_H(x_1) + \cdots + \mathsf L_H(x_m) \subseteq \mathsf L_H(\bar x),
$$
and hence
$$
\max \mathsf L_H(x_1) + \cdots + \max \mathsf L_H(x_m) \le \max \mathsf L_H(\bar x) = \rho(\bar x),
$$
which is possible only if $\mathsf L_H(x_i) = \{0\}$, and hence $x_i = 1_H$, for some $i \in [\![1,m]\!]$. []
