Classify all the fields with abelian absolute Galois group

I'm wondering if anyone has classified all the fields $K$ such that $Gal(\bar{K}/K)$ is abelian?

The only examples I'm aware of are: finite fields, the real numbers $\mathbb{R}$ and $k((T))$ where $k$ is any algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. (One might also add any algebraically closed field as an example not listed above...)

Is there any other example of such fields?

An possibly easier question would be: can one apriori prove that $Gal(\bar{K}/K)$ is procyclic as suggested by the examples above?

• The real numbers can be replaced by real closed fields. Finite fields can be replaced by algebraic extensions of finite fields. Do you know all the closed subgroups of the profinite integers $\widehat{\mathbf Z}$? – KConrad Feb 13 '17 at 15:40
• The finite fields can be replaced by quasi-finite fields. – Watson Feb 13 '17 at 15:44
• Exercise 3, Chapter 8, Lang's "Algebra": $K$ = a maximal subfield of $\overline{\mathbb Q}$ not containing $\sqrt{2}$. – David Lampert Feb 13 '17 at 16:33
• Consider the iterated formal power series field $K=k((T_1))((T_2))\cdots((T_n))$ with $k$ an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, and you'll get a field $K$ with $Gal(\overline{K}/K)=\widehat{\mathbb Z}^n$. – Leonid Positselski Feb 13 '17 at 20:52
• @LeonidPositselski $\mathbb{Z}_p\times\mathbb{Z}/2$ cannot be the absolute Galois group of a field, for any prime $p$. More generally, the normalizer of an involution in an absolute Galois group of a field is the group of order 2 generated by this involution. See Proposition 19.4.3 in: I. Efrat, Valuations, Orderings, and Milnor K-Theory, AMS 2006. – user05811 Jun 15 '17 at 18:38

Geyer in Unendliche algebraische Zahlkörper, über denen jede Gleichung auflösbar von beschränkter Stufe ist, Satz 1.13 and the paragraph after that, gives a full characterization of which abelian profinite groups occur as absolute Galois groups: They are either $$\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$$ or $$\prod_p\mathbb{Z}_p^{c(p)}$$ for some cardinal numbers $$c(p)$$.
Side remark: For algebraic extensions of $$\mathbb{Q}$$, abelian absolute Galois groups are in fact cyclic, see Satz 2.3 in the same paper.