Significance of half-sum of positive roots belonging to root lattice? Let $\Phi$ be a (crystallographic) root system and $\Phi^{+}$ a choice of positive roots, with $\Delta$ the corresponding choice of simple roots. So the root lattice of $\Phi$ is just $\mathbb{Z}\Delta$ ($=\mathbb{Z}\Phi^{+}=\mathbb{Z}\Phi$).
Then $\rho := \frac{1}{2}\sum_{\alpha \in \Phi^{+}}\alpha$ (the "half-sum of positive roots", a.k.a. the "Weyl vector") is a distinguished vector associated to $\Phi$ with great significance in representation theory; see e.g. the following Mathoverflow question: What is significant about the half-sum of positive roots?.
A priori, $2\rho \in \mathbb{Z}\Delta$, but in fact it may happen that $\rho \in \mathbb{Z}\Delta$.
Question: is there any representation-theoretic significance to whether we have $\rho \in \mathbb{Z}\Delta$?
With collaborators we have discovered some combinatorial phenomenon that is apparently related to whether $\rho \in \mathbb{Z}\Delta$, and we would like to relate this phenomenon more to representation theory.
It is not hard to work out exactly when $\rho \in \mathbb{Z}\Delta$:


*

*Type $A_{n}$: Have $\rho \in \mathbb{Z}\Delta$ iff $n$ is even.

*Type $B_n$: Always have $\rho \notin \mathbb{Z}\Delta$.

*Type $C_n$: Have $\rho \in \mathbb{Z}\Delta$ iff $n \equiv 0,3 \mod 4$.

*Type $D_n$: Have $\rho \in \mathbb{Z}\Delta$ iff $n \equiv 0,1 \mod 4$.

*Type $E_6$: $\rho \in \mathbb{Z}\Delta$.

*Type $E_7$: $\rho \notin \mathbb{Z}\Delta$.

*Type $E_8$: $\rho \in \mathbb{Z}\Delta$.

*Type $F_4$: $\rho \in \mathbb{Z}\Delta$.

*Type $G_2$: $\rho \in \mathbb{Z}\Delta$.


But I see no particular rhyme or reason to these root systems.
 A: There is no single answer to this question. Here is one observation.
The element $z_G=e^{2\pi i\rho^\vee}$, where $\rho^\vee$ is one-half the sum of the positive co-roots, is a canonical (independent of the choice of positive co-roots) element of $G$, fixed by every automorphism of $G$. If $G$ is simply connected $z_G=1$ if and only if $\rho^\vee$ is in the co-root lattice. For whatever reason this $z_G$ tends to come up. For a slightly more precise list of your cases see Bourbaki, Lie Groups and Lie Algebras, Chapters 7-9, Chapter IX, Section 4, Exercise 13.
For example the Frobenius-Schur indicator of a self-dual finite dimensional representation $V_\lambda$ (telling whether the invariant form is orthogonal or symplectic) is $e^{2\pi i\langle\lambda,\rho^\vee\rangle}=\lambda(z_\rho)$. So $\rho^\vee$ is in the co-root lattice if and only if every such representation of the simply connected group is orthogonal. See [loc. cit. Chapter 9, Section 7] and 
Math Overflow: Is there a formula for the Frobenius-Schur indicator of a rep of a Lie group?
A: The significance of $\rho$ (and the associated dot-action of the Weyl group or other Coxeter group) in representation theory is discussed from many angles in the earlier linked question.   
When dealing with representations of simple Lie or algebraic groups, the annoying problem is that for some isogeny types (as indicated in the list of cases above) $\rho$ might fail to lie in the character group of a fixed maximal torus $T$ if this isn't the full "abstract" weight lattice of the root system (which Bourbaki denotes $P$, having the root lattice $Q$ as a subgroup of finite index).     It's common in the literature to assume right away that the group under study is simply connected (meaning in any characteristic that the abstract weight lattice agrees with the character group $X(T)$), even though this isn't always necessary in a specific case to ensure that $\rho$ lies in $X(T)$.
Of course, there is usually just one Lie algebra occurring for each Lie type $A - G$ of simple Lie or algebraic groups (except in characteristic $p>0$ when the structure of the Lie algebra can vary more).  The main motivation for looking at Lie algebra representations is usually the algebraic study of associated group representations.   So the isogeny type of the group is always in the background: the adjoint group is not always the only one to consider.  
Whether all of this can be understood in a combinatorial way is unclear to me.   
