# Spectra of the quotient of a directed graph

Given a graph $G(V,E)$ and a partition $\{V_1,\dots V_n\}$ of the nodes set $V$, the adjacency and Laplacian spectra of the quotient graph $Q(G)$ interlaces the adjacent and the Laplacian spectra of the parent graph $G$. Besides, if the partition in equitable the interlacing is tight

This is a well known result.

Now, suppose I have a directed graph $D(V,E)$ and a partition $\{V_1,\dots V_n\}$ of the nodes set. Suppose also that the quotient graph $Q(D)$ is undirected. Under what conditions the interlacing and inclusion results for the adjacency and/or Laplacian spectra are still valid?

• For a directed $8$-cycle the adjacency eigenvalues are complex numbers on the unit circle. Whatever the definition of interlacing should be in this case, it wouldn't allow the eigenvalues $\pm 2$ of an undirected $4$-cycle. – Aaron Meyerowitz Sep 28 '16 at 18:22
• I know it is not general, I'm asking if there is some result in the literature on the condition under which the interlacing results apply, meaning also that the spectra of the parent graph are real (despite the fact that it is directed) – emcozzo Sep 29 '16 at 8:17

• Perhaps you want to start with the question of conditions on a square $0,1$ matrix which assure that the spectrum is real, since you say that is a precondition for the stronger thing you want to make sense.

• You probably want to assume the graph is strongly connected and aperiodic ( the directed cycles are not all of length $mk$ for some $m \gt 1.)$

• Certainly the largest eigenvalue is real and is especially interesting. To avoid the issue of complex eigenvalues, start with the question of when the quotient graph has smaller Peron eigenvalue.

• The example I gave (which fails the aperiodic requirement I suggest below) also fails this condition. If you consider a matrix where the $i,j$ entry is the probability of moving from vertex $i$ to vertex $j$ then the problem may go away.

• Undirected multigraphs (with loops) should preserve what you want with the right definition of quotient. Perhaps that is a useful pointer.

• I strongly suggest looking into the work of Fan Chung.

• I really don't want to restrict to 0,1 matrices, since I want to consider Laplacian matrices. I don't understand point 3 – emcozzo Oct 3 '16 at 13:54