Suppose that $G$ is a finitely generated group, $X$ is a $G$-set, and $x \in X$ is a point. Are there any sorts of conditions on $X$ and $G$ that would let me conclude that $\operatorname{Stab}(x)$ is finitely generated as well?
2 Answers
"Stabilizer of $x$" is not any more specific than "subgroup of $G$" (consider the regular action of $G$ on $G/H$). In other words, you are asking for conditions on $G$ such that its subgroups are finitely generated.
This is false, in general. It's true in nilpotent (and virtually nilpotent) groups. It's false in solvable groups (consider the lamplighter).
Lior Silberman is absolutely correct, but I wanted to add one other natural and simple condition in which you can conclude that the stabilizer of $x$ is finitely generated, namely, when the orbit of $x$ is finite. Equivalently, subgroups of finite index in finitely generated groups are finitely generated. This follows from Schreier generators (see "Schreier's lemma" or "Schreier's subgroup lemma").