Factoring Bessel functions into an amplitude and a phase Take some $\nu>0$. Let $J_\nu(x)$ be the Bessel function of the first kind. Let's restrict its domain to $\mathbb R^+$. Is it possible to find a pair of functions $A_\nu(x), \phi_\nu(x):\mathbb R^+\to\mathbb R$ that are real-analytic and completely monotone (i.e. the function itself and all its derivatives are monotone) such that
$$J_\nu(x)=A_\nu(x)\sin(\phi_\nu(x)),\quad A_\nu(x)>0?$$
Is such a pair of functions uniquely determined by $\nu$ (modulo constant term $2\pi n$ in $\phi_\nu$)?

The same question applies to other decaying oscillating functions such as the cosine integral $\operatorname{Ci}(x)$ or the Airy function $\operatorname{Ai}(-x)$.
 A: Not an answer but too large for a comment.
In my paper with van de Lune On the exact location of the non-trivial zeros f Riemann's zeta function, it is proved.
Theorem. If $f\colon\mathbf{R}\to\mathbf{C}$ is real analytic, then there are two real analytic functions
$U\colon\mathbf{R}\to\mathbf{R}$ and $\varphi\colon\mathbf{R}\to\mathbf{R}$ such that $f(t)=U(t)e^{i\varphi(t)}$. Given two such representations, $f=U_1e^{i\varphi_1}$ and $f=U_2e^{i\varphi_2}$ we have either $U_1=U_2$ and $\varphi_1-\varphi_2=2k\pi$ or $U_1=-U_2$ and $\varphi_1-\varphi_2=(2k+1)\pi i$ for some integer $k$.
Your question is slightly different. If a  real analytic function can be represented as $f(x)=A(x)\sin(\phi(x))$ with $A$ and $\phi$ real analytic, then $f(x)=\Im (A(x)e^{i\phi(x)})$. The function $F(x) =A(x)e^{i\phi(x)}$ will be a complex real analytic function with $f(x)=\Im(F(x))$. But this $F$ is not unique. Any real and real analytic function $h(x)$ gives us 
$F(x)+h(x)$ with the same property. By the above theorem we will have 
$F(x)+h(x)=B(x)e^{i\phi_h(x)}$ with $B$ and $h$ real real analytic functions. Therefore we obtain 
$f(x)=B(x) \sin(\phi_h(x))$. All representation to your functions are of this type, starting from the one given in the comment by Carlo Beenakker.
The problem whether we may get $\phi_h(x)$ completely monotone appear to be complicated. In simple cases as $\Gamma(s/2)=|\Gamma(s/2)|e^{i\vartheta(t)+i\frac{t}{2}\log\pi}$, we get the representation
$$\Im(\Gamma(\tfrac14+i\tfrac{t}{2}))=|\Gamma(\tfrac14+i\tfrac{t}{2})|\sin(\vartheta(t)+\tfrac{t}{2}\log\pi),\qquad s=\tfrac12+it$$
the phase is not monotonous for $t>0$.  Certainly $\vartheta(t)+\frac{t}{2}\log\pi$ appear to be almost completely monotonous. I will be very surprised if in this case there is a completely monotonous phase.
A: Also too long for a comment. Let us discuss an equivalent representation $J_\nu(x) = A_\nu(x) \cos \phi_\nu(x)$ (with a cosine rather than sine). Theorem 5 in:

K.S. Miller, S.G. Samko, Completely monotonic functions, Integral Transforms and Special Functions 12(4) (2001): 389–402, DOI: 10.1080/10652460108819360

asserts that the function $(A_\nu(x))^2 = (J_\nu(x))^2 + (Y_\nu(x))^2$ is completely monotone. Furthermore, the phase function $\phi_\nu$ satisfies $\phi_\nu'(x) = \tfrac{2}{\pi x} (A_\nu(x))^{-2}$, as it is observed in the reference pointed by Carlo Beenakker in his comment:

M. Goldstein, R.M. Thaler, Bessel Functions for Large Arguments, Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation 12(61) (1958): 18–26, DOI: 10.2307/2002123

Some random remarks:


*

*Complete monotonicity of $(A_\nu(x))^2$ does not automatically imply complete monotonicity of $A_\nu(x)$. This would be the case if $(A_\nu(x))^2$ were a Stieltjes function, but unfortunately it is not.

*The function $\phi_\nu(x)$ is a Bernstein function if and only if $\tfrac{1}{x} (A_\nu(x))^{-2}$ is completely monotone. This is only possible when $\nu \leqslant \tfrac{1}{2}$. For $\nu > \tfrac{1}{2}$, $\tfrac{1}{x} (A_\nu(x))^{-2}$ is increasing (possibly a Bernstein function), and therefore $\phi_\nu(x)$ is neither completely monotone nor Bernstein.

*A closely related function $\tfrac{1}{x} (A_\nu(\sqrt{x}))^{-2}$ appears in the representation of $\sqrt{x} K_\nu(\sqrt{x}) / K_{\nu-1}(\sqrt{x})$ as a Stieltjes transform, see entry 116 in Section 16.8 in:

R. Schilling, R. Song, Z. Vondraček, Bernstein functions: theory and applications, De Gruyter, 2012.

(In the above I use the term "completely monotone" for $(-1)^n f \geqslant 0$ for $n = 0, 1, \ldots$, and "Bernstein" for $f \geqslant 0$ and $f'$ completely monotone.)
