# What does the axiom of replacement mean and why should I believe it?

Here Professor Blass describes the following cumulative hierarchy of sets:

Begin with some non-set entities called atoms ("some" could be "none" if you want a world consisting exclusively of sets), then form all sets of these, then all sets whose elements are atoms or sets of atoms, etc. This "etc." means to build more and more levels of sets, where a set at any level has elements only from earlier levels (and the atoms constitute the lowest level). This iterative construction can be continued transfinitely, through arbitrarily long well-ordered sequences of levels. This so-called cumulative hierarchy is what I (and most set theorists) mean when we talk about sets.

We want to agree on the following principles:

1. For every level there is a succeeding level.
2. For every sequence of levels: $l_1,l_2,l_3,\dots$ there is a level succeeding all levels $l_1,l_2,l_3,\dots$. One might call this level "limit level".

Question:

Why is the axiom of replacement true under this interpretation of the term "set" (set = anything that is formed at some level of this hierarchy)?

• In The Iteractive Conception of Set (1971) George Boolos states: "We do not believe that the axioms of replacement or choice can be inferred from the iterative conception." But see George Boolos, Iteration Again (1989) for a different point of view. For another approach, see J.R.Shoenfield, Axioms of Set Theory into : Jon Barwise (editor), Handbook of Mathematical Logic (1982), page 321-on. Jan 11, 2016 at 19:20
• Please come up with a better title. Jan 11, 2016 at 19:27
• @Paul: As for "why should we 'believe' Replacement?", this was more or less covered in the many discussions in the answers and comments of mathoverflow.net/questions/208711/who-needs-replacement-anyway Jan 11, 2016 at 19:41
• @Paul: My point is that I think that you misread the question, and the edit exacerbates that misreading. Jan 11, 2016 at 20:00
• @PaulTaylor I do agree with Asaf that that edit was a bit on the presumptuous side. (I don't know that I agree with him that just because the answers were deemed 'helpful', it means your edit reflects the author's intention. On the other hand, if it does, then contra Asaf I'm not sure it duplicates David Roberts's question; I'd need to think about that more.) Jan 12, 2016 at 17:40

For an argument that the iterative conception implies something weaker than unrestricted Separation (implied by unrestricted Replacement), i.e. $\Sigma_2$ Replacement, see Randall Holmes 2001 http://math.boisestate.edu/~holmes/holmes/sigma1slides.ps. (According to Professor Holmes, “this contain[s] an error, which Kanamori pointed out to me and which I know how to fix.”)

• Sadly, the link does not work. Jan 12, 2016 at 18:18
• Now it is working. Jan 12, 2016 at 18:54

On the Foundations of Mathematics mailing list some years ago, Arnon Avron argued that replacement is the way mathematicians naturally construct many sets. I quote one example from his article:

When asked to write a term denoting the set of singletons of elements of $\mathbb N$, I bet that at least 999 mathematicians (either in the broad sense, including first-year students, or in a narrower sense) out of 1000 would write: $$\{\{n\}: n\in {\mathbb N}\}$$ and not $$\{x\in P(P({\mathbb N})):\exists n\in {\mathbb N}. x=\{n\}\}.$$ This is not only because the former is shorter, but because it directly translates the definition in words of this set, and precisely reflects our intuition how this set is formed/constructed. In contrast, one has to think for a while in order to get the second definition correctly (and for many students it is even difficult at first to understand why this term is a correct description of this set. Anyone who have taught a basic course in set theory or discrete mathematics has experienced this). It is clear therefore that practically everyone relies on replacement for getting this set, and not on the powerset axiom.

According to this line of thinking, replacement is an intrinsic feature of any faithful description of the universe of sets, including the cumulative hierarchy.

• Should that iterated power set be just a power set? Jan 12, 2016 at 1:16
• @StevenLandsburg: Yes, I think so, but I'll leave it as it is because it's a quotation. Jan 12, 2016 at 4:40
• Hmm. In the standard von Neumann representation of natural numbers, $P(\mathbb N)\subseteq P(P(\mathbb N))$, so it is technically correct, but weird. Jan 12, 2016 at 10:39
• Technically correct - The best kind of correct ;-) Jan 12, 2016 at 18:01
• cs.nyu.edu/pipermail/fom/2007-September/011918.html Jan 12, 2016 at 18:07

There is a wonderful blog post by Joel David Hamkins at Transfinite recursion as a fundamental principle in set theory which goes into great depth on this topic.

My answer to your question would then be "We should believe the axiom of replacement because we believe in recursion, even at the transfinite level."

• See my two comments to Paul Taylor under the main question. Jan 11, 2016 at 19:41