Maximal ideals of polynomial ring containing a fixed element We know that for a field $k $ and $f\in k [x]$, the only maximal ideals of $k [x]$ containing $f $ are the ideals generated by prime factors of $f $. Now, I want to know that if $R $ is an arbitrary commutative ring with identity, is there any description for maximal ideals containing $f $?Or, can we find $\cap_{f\in m\in Max (R [x])}m$?
 A: Let's think about this...
To get out of the issue raised by Corbennick, let us assume that $f\in R[x]\setminus R$.
Next let $\mathfrak m\subset R$ be an ideal and consider $I=\mathfrak m+(f)\subset R[x]$ and observe that $R[x]/I\simeq (R/\mathfrak m)[x]/\left(\bar f\right)$, so if $\mathfrak m$ is a maximal ideal in $R$, then the maximal ideals in $R[x]$ containing $\mathfrak m$ and $f$ are exactly those corresponding to  maximal ideals of $(R/\mathfrak m)[x]$ containing $f$, so this is the case covered in the question.
Next let's consider a maximal ideal $\mathfrak M\subset R[x]$ and let $\mathfrak m=\mathfrak M\cap R$. In order to get some traction, we'd like this to be maximal, so let's assume that $R$ is a Jacobson ring. (Finitely generated algebras over a Jacobson ring are also Jacobson, and so are fields, and $\mathbb Z$, so many of the most obvious rings are such.) In that case $\mathfrak m$ is also a maximal ideal and we're winning. Obviously, if $\mathfrak M$ contains $f$, then it also contains $\mathfrak m+ (f)$, so we're in the situation described above.
So we can conclude the following:


Claim: Let $R$ be a Jacobson ring and $f\in R[x]\setminus R$. Then the maximal ideals $\mathfrak M$ of $R[x]$ containing $f$ are exactly those for which the image of $\mathfrak M$ in $\left(R/(\mathfrak M\cap R)\right)[x]$ is generated by a prime factor of the image of $f$ in that ring. 


Note: 


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*I don't think one can say more than this.

*One can get a similar description without the Jacobson assumption, assuming instead that $R$ has finite Krull dimension and using the above process to give a recursive description of these ideals based on the dimension. 

