Vietoris-Begle theorem for simplicial sets I've learned the theorem when reading a comment by Vidit Nanda to my question see here.
Here is the (simplified) version of the theorem for topological spaces:
Vietoris-Begle Theorem
Let $f:X\rightarrow Y$ be a surjective closed continuous map between paracompact Hausdorff spaces. Assume that for any $y\in Y$, $f^{-1}(y)$ is weakly contractible, then the induced map
$$H^{\ast}(f): H^{\ast}(Y,G)\rightarrow H^{\ast}(X,G)$$ 
is an isomorphism (reduced cohomology) for any abelian group $G$. 
It seems that the assumption that $f$ is closed is essential. 
My question is the following: Do we have a simplicial version of Vietoris-Begle Theorem ? i.e., 
simplicial Vietoris-Begle Theorem ?
Let $f:X\rightarrow Y$ be a surjective morphism of simplicial sets (Kan complexes). Assume that for any $y\in Y_{0}$, $f^{-1}(y)$ is weakly contractible simplicial sets, then the induced map
$$H^{\ast}(f): H^{\ast}(Y,G)\rightarrow H^{\ast}(X,G)$$ 
is an isomorphism (reduced cohomology) for any abelian group $G$.
reference for the topological case: reference
Edit: Please feel free to add more conditions on $f,X ,Y$ but not the trivial ones such as $f$ is a fibration or something similar...
There is for example a simplicial (strong) version here (lemma 26, case (3))
 A: Here is a theorem due (I think) to E. Dror Farjoun (it is Theorem 9.A.11 in his book on homotopy localization).
Theorem: Let  $f:X\to Y$ be a surjective map of connected pointed simplicial sets.  Then the homotopy fiber $F_f$ of $f$ is in the smallest closed class containing $f^{-1}(\sigma)$ for every simplex $\sigma$ in $Y$.
A closed class is a class $\mathcal{C}$ of spaces which is closed under weak equivalence and (pointed) homotopy colimit.  For pointed spaces use pointed homotopy colimit; for unpointed ones, restrict to homotopy colimits of diagrams whose nerve is contractible.
It follows, in particular, if every $f^{-1}(\sigma)$ is weakly contractible, then $f$ will be a weak homotopy equivalence (Corollary 9.B.3.1).
A: In the paper Homotopy properties of the poset of nontrivial $p$-subgroups of a group,  Adv. in Math., 28(1978), D.Quillen  proves a  nontrivial   version of Vietoris-Begle theorem.
Recall that to a poset  $P$ we can associate a simplicial complex, its  nerve $|P|$. Any simplicial complex is, canonically, the  nerve of a poset, the poset of faces.
If $P, Q$ are posets, and $f: P\to Q$ is a monotone nondecreasing map, then its fibers are defined to be the subsets 
$$ f^{-1}(\leq y):=\bigl\{p \in P;\;\;f(p)\leq y\;\bigr\},\;\;y\in Q. $$
In the paper mentioned above Quillen proves    that if $f: P\to Q$ is monotone nondecreasing and the fibers are homotopically trivial (resp. acyclic) then $f$ induces a homotopy equivalence between the nerves (resp. an isomorphism between  the homology of the nerves).
If $P, Q$ are the posets of faces of simplicial sets, then their nerves coincide  with the simplicial sets they were obtained from. A simplicial map $f$ between the simplicial sets induces a monotone map between the corresponding posets of faces, and Quillen's theorem  can be rephrased as saying that if the preimage of any face is contractible, then $f$  is  a homotopy equivalence.
For more details see this nice survey of Anders Bjorner.
A: No. Let $Y$ be $\Delta^1$ and let $X$ be the boundary of $\Delta^2$. Map $X$ to $Y$ by the simplicial map taking vertices $0,1,2$ to $0,1,1$.
In effect, by just looking at fibers over vertices you are not getting a grip on fibers over interior points of simplices.
(Edited later: This is wrong: I overlooked the requirement that $X$ and $Y$ should be Kan complexes. But the examples given by others in the comments make the same point without being wrong.)
A: (1) As stated, the answer to the question is "no".
Let $A = \Delta[1] \cup_{\partial\Delta[1]} \Delta[1]$ be the union of two copies of $\Delta[1]$ along their common boundary, let $g \colon A \to \Delta[1]$ be the identity on each copy of $\Delta[1]$, and let $f = Ex^\infty g$ map $X = Ex^\infty A$ to $Y = Ex^\infty \Delta[1]$.  Here $Ex^\infty = colim_n Ex^n$ is Kan's functor, with $Ex^n$ right adjoint to $Sd^n$.  Then $f$ is (split) surjective, $X$ and $Y$ are Kan complexes, and $X_0 = A_0$ maps identically to $Y_0 = \Delta[1]_0$.  Hence your hypotheses are satisfied.  However, $H^1(Y) = 0$ is not isomorphic to $H^1(X) \cong \mathbb{Z}$.
(2) You might strengthen the hypothesis to assume that the preimage of each simplex of $Y$ is weakly contractible, i.e., that for each (non-degenerate) simplex $y \in Y_n$ with representing map $\bar y \colon
\Delta[n] \to Y$ the fibre product $\Delta[n] \times_Y X$ is weakly
contractible (or has trivial cohomology).  No Kan condition is then needed
to inductively prove that $f^{-1}(Z) \to Z$ is a cohomology equivalence
for each subcomplex $Z \subseteq Y$.  It does not, however, follow that
$f \colon X \to Y$ is a homotopy equivalence.
(3) If you want to conclude that $f \colon X \to Y$ is a homotopy
equivalence, you can assume that each point inverse $|f|^{-1}(y)$, of
the topological realization $|f| \colon |X| \to |Y|$, is contractible.
Here $y$ ranges over $|Y|$.  For finite simplicial sets $X$ and $Y$ this implies that $f$ is a simple-homotopy equivalence.  See e.g. Proposition 2.1.8 in my book with Waldhausen and Jahren.
