# Why should curves be two-dimensional?

In Weil cohomology, a nice curve has cohomology up to degree 2, or more generally a nice $n$-dimensional variety has cohomology up to degree $2n$.

I know that this was motivated at least in part by a desire to extend cohomology of complex manifolds to algebraic varieties over other fields, and since complex curves are two-dimensional manifolds, curves should have cohomology up to degree 2.

My question is if this is just an artifact of the motivation, or if there is a more 'intrinsic' reason why cohomology should work out that way? Or put differently, should one expect there to be cohomology theories where, say, curves act like they're five-dimensional?

• $Spec(\mathbb Z)$ behaves like it's three-dimensional: ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Spec(Z) Oct 11, 2015 at 22:19
• Etale cohomology is intrinsic; it is not "tuned" to make the cohomological degree equal $2$ times the dimension. It is a theorem that the cohomological degree equals $2$ times the dimension. Oct 11, 2015 at 22:24
• Oct 12, 2015 at 1:54
• I think the best answer to that question was David Treumann's comment on my answer: If $X$ is a smooth curve, and $x$ a point, then $\pi_0(X) \cong \pi_0(X \setminus \{ x \})$, but $\pi_1(X) \not \cong \pi_1(X \setminus \{ x \})$. (And you can make sense of both of these in a purely algebraic way.) This suggests that the punctured neighborhood of a point on a curve is a circle, so it suggests that a curve is two dimensional. Oct 12, 2015 at 3:02
• If you don't mind, perhaps this question can be closed as a duplicate of the question indicated in David Speyer's comment: mathoverflow.net/q/30583/297 Oct 12, 2015 at 14:12

This is a very subtle question, I think. First of all, the sense in which an $n$-dimensional algebraic variety $X$ acts as if it is "cohomologically $2n$-dimensional" is quite complicated--for example, unless one uses some notion of cohomology with compact support, an affine $n$-dimensional variety looks $n$-dimensional, not $2n$-dimensional (just as over $\mathbb{C}$, affine varieties have the homotopy types of $n$-dimensional CW complexes). So this is really something about proper varieties, or about the more complicated notion of cohomology with compact support.

Second, this is just a fact about algebraically closed fields. For example, if $k$ is a finite field and $X$ is an $n$-dimensional smooth projective $k$-variety, $X$ "looks" like it is $2n+1$-dimensional (indeed, it looks a lot like a $2n+1$-manifold fibered over a circle). For example, there is an arithmetic Poincare duality between $H^i$ and $H^{2n+1-i}$. (Of course the reason for this is that $k$ has cohomological dimension $1$ and has reasonable duality properties.)

Nonetheless, let me try my hand at some kind of explanation. I think the proof of Grothendieck's vanishing theorem gives a reasonable explanation of why Zariski cohomology of $X$ vanishes in degree greater than $\dim(X)$. Typically when one defines a fancier cohomology theory (e.g. etale or crystalline cohomology) one chooses a topology on some category of schemes which is finer than the Zariski topology. Call such a topology $\tau$. As $\tau$ is finer than the Zariski topology, there is a forgetful functor $f_*$ from sheaves on the topology $\tau$ to Zariski sheaves. Grothendieck teaches us to think of this as a morphism $$f: X_\tau\to X_\text{Zar}.$$

(Maybe a good analogy is that there is a natural continuous map of spaces $$g: X(\mathbb{C})^{\text{an}}\to X_{\text{Zar}}$$ if $X$ is a finite-type $\mathbb{C}$-scheme.)

For all of the topologies $\tau$ which we like to use to define Weil cohomology theories, the morphism $f$ has cohomological dimension $n$, in the sense that the right-derived functor of $f_*$, denoted $Rf_*$, sends certain sheaves to complexes with cohomology concentrated in degrees $[0, n]$. For example, if $\tau$ is the etale topology, and we are working over an algebraically closed field, $Rf_*\mathcal{F}$ is concentrated in degrees $[0,n]$ if $\mathcal{F}$ is constructible. Or if $\tau$ is the crystalline site (over a field of characteristic zero), $$Rf_*\mathcal{O}_X\simeq \Omega^\bullet_{X, dR}$$ which is concentrated in degrees $[0,n]$ (and there is a similar formula with any flat vector bundle in place of $\mathcal{O}_X$). So the fact that varieties in these topologies are $2n$-dimensional comes from the formula $$2n=n+n,$$ where the first $n$ comes from $Rf_*$ and the second comes from the cohomological dimension of the Zariski topological space. Likewise, the honest continuous map $g: X(\mathbb{C})^{\text{an}}\to X_{\text{Zar}}$ has cohomological dimension $n$.

Of course (1) proving that $f$ has the claimed cohomological dimension is usually quite involved, and (2) we like these cohomology theories because they behave in ways which match our intuitions. So it's unclear to me whether this is really a non-anthropological answer to your question. But I think the pattern (of finding a site over the Zariski site which has relative cohomological dimension $n$) is ubiquitous enough to be worth commenting on.

I have to admit that I don't really understand the question, so this answer may not fully address it. The fact that étale cohomology gives the "right answer" dimensionally is, in my opinion, nothing short of remarkable. Certainly other cohomology theories needn't. In the 1950's Serre [Sur la topology des variétés algébriques en charactéristique p] considered the Zariski cohomology of the pro-sheaf $W_\bullet(\mathcal{O})$, with an eye toward finding a Weil cohomology*. This has some good properties, however the cohomology vanishes for $i>\dim X$.
*(added footnote) $W_n(-)$ is the truncated ring of Witt vectors. Taking inverse limit of $H^*(X, W_n(\mathcal{O}_X))$ yields a theory with coefficients in a field of char 0.
• Dear Donu: to make your interesting answer more complete, could you say a word or two about what $W_\bullet(\mathcal O)$ is? Oct 12, 2015 at 13:42
Consider an elliptic curve. This is $\mathbb{C}/\Lambda$ where $\Lambda$ is a lattice. As a real manifold this is a two dimensional manifold. Therefore, if we want to have an etale cohomology theory compatible with the real cohomology theory the dimension should be two.
• The OP is clearly aware of this (it's mentioned in the second paragraph). I think the question is more like, suppose you didn't know anything about taking the complex points of a variety in the classical topology, and you only knew about algebraic geometry. What purely algebro-geometric facts would make it natural to think about cohomology theories where nice $n$-dimensional varieties have cohomology up to degree $2n$? Oct 12, 2015 at 0:58