If you are willing to work with smooth stacks, rather than smooth toric varieties (or alternatively consider toric varieties with quotient singularities) then it is definitely
possible.
Combinatorially, this broader setup allows you to look for $\Delta$ with rational vertices, 5gon and 6gon faces only and three edges out of each vertex. If you take a regular dodecahedron, you will have the desired combinatorial structure, but without rationality.
However, if you approximate the defining equations of the facets of the dodecahedron by
rational hyperplanes well enough, the combinatorial structure will not change and you will get the desired (complicated) singular toric variety or smooth toric DM stack.
Is it possible to stay within smooth toric varieties? I find this unlikely but I don't have an argument. It is easy to see that one needs to have exactly 12 pentagon faces, but I don't know how to proceed further.