What are Mean Values of Ideal Densities in Galois Extensions? In an unfinished (and as of now unpublished) article intended for the encyclopedia of mathematics, Arnold Scholz wrote:
"Classifying extensions according to the Galois group
 of their normal closure provides us with a new point
 of view. Not only the minimal discriminants but also 
 the mean values of the ideal densities differ considerably,
 and have the following values for discriminants with large
 prime factors: 


*

*$\sqrt{\zeta(2)}$ for quadratic extensions;

*$\sqrt[3]{\zeta(3)^2}$ and $\sqrt{\zeta(2)}\sqrt[3]{\zeta(3)}$
for a cubic extension according as it is cyclic or noncyclic;

*$\sqrt{\zeta(2)}\sqrt{\zeta(4)}$ and $\sqrt{\zeta(2)}^3$
for cyclic and biquadratic quartic extensions, respectively."


I'd like to know what Scholz is talking about here. Ideal density might be some limit of the form  "number of ideals with norm $\le x$" / $x$, and mean value should denote some average over number fields. But what exactly is Scholz doing here?  
Edit. Apparently (this is suggested by some remarks he made elsewhere), Scholz called the expression
$$ \prod_p \phi(p^n)/\Phi_K(p) $$
the ideal density of a number field $K$, where $\phi$ and $\Phi_K$ denote Euler's phi function in the rationals and in $K$, respectively, and where $n$ denotes the degree
of $K$. This expression occurs in the product formula for the zeta function. I still don't know where to go from here.
As for Robin's remark on the density of fields ordered by discriminants, Scholz claimed, in a letter to Hasse dated  Sept. 27, 1938, the following: The Dirichlet series
$$ G(s) = \sum_{Gal(K)=G} D_K^{-s}, $$
where the sum is over all quartic fields whose normal closure has Galois group $G$, have abscissa of convergence $\alpha(D)=1$, $\alpha(Z) = \alpha(V) = \frac{1}{2}$ and
probably $\alpha(S)=1$, $\alpha(A)=\frac{1}{2}$, where $D$, $Z$, $V$, $A$, $S$ denote
the dihedral, cyclic, four, alternating and symmetric group.  Moreover,
$$ \lim_{s \to 1/2} \frac{Z(s)}{V(s)} = 0, $$
where $Z(s)$ and $V(s)$ are the Dirichlet series defined above for $G=Z$ and $G=V$. This is all correct, as we know now, but how could Scholz have discovered (and, for $G = D$, $Z$, $V$, proved) these results in the 1930s?  
 A: For explaining Scholz's ideas on ideal densities, consider the Dedekind zeta
function of a number field $K$. If we collect all Euler factors for the
prime ideals above a prime number $p$, then a short calculation shows that
this product equals 
$$ E_p =  \frac{1 - \frac1p}{(1 -p^{-f_1}) \cdots (1 - p^{-f_g})}. $$
If $\Phi$ denotes Euler's phi function in $K$ and $\phi$ the usual
phi function for integers, then this equation may be rewritten in the form
$$ \lim_{s \to 1} \frac{\zeta_K(s)}{\zeta(s)} 
            = \frac{2^t\pi^shR}{v \sqrt{|D|}} 
            = \prod_p \frac{\phi(p^n)}{\Phi(p)}. $$
The mean ideal density of a family $F$ of number fields  $K_1$, $K_2$, 
$K_3$, \ldots is defined as
$$ {\rm MID}(F) = \lim_{n \to \infty}  
    \Big( \lim_{s \to 1} \frac{\zeta_{K_1}(s)}{\zeta(s)}
     \cdots \lim_{s \to 1} \frac{\zeta_{K_n}(s)}{\zeta(s)} \Big)^{\frac 1n} $$
if this limit exists. 
Let us now compute the mean ideal density of quadratic number fields
ordered by discriminants. Here 
$$ \Phi_K(p) = \begin{cases}
               (p-1)^2 & \text{ if $p$ splits},  \\
               p(p-1)  & \text{ if $p$ ramifies},   \\
                p^2-1  & \text{ if $p$ is inert},
              \end{cases} $$
hence the product of the Euler factors is
$$ E_p = \frac{\phi(p^2)}{\Phi_K(p)}
            = \begin{cases}
         \frac{p}{p-1} > 1 & \text{ if $p$ splits},  \\
         \qquad \quad    1 & \text{ if $p$ ramifies},   \\
         \frac{p}{p+1} < 1 & \text{ if $p$ is inert}
              \end{cases} $$
and we find
$$ \lim_{s \to 1} \frac{\zeta_K(s)}{\zeta(s)}
      = \prod_p \frac{p}{p-1} \prod_q \frac{q}{q+1} , $$
where $p$ runs through the split primes and $q$ through those that are inert.
Using some handwaving we expect that half the primes split and the other
half remains inert, so heuristically we should get
$$ {\rm MID}(F) = \lim_{n \to \infty}
   \Big( \prod_{p_1}  \frac{p_1}{p_1-1} \prod_{q_1} \frac{q_1}{q_1+1}
    \cdots  
  \prod_{p_n} \frac{p_n}{p_n-1} \prod_{q_n} \frac{q_n}{q_n+1}\Big)^{\frac1n}, $$
where $p_j$ are primes splitting in $K_j$ etc. Changing limits we find
$$ \lim_{s \to 1} \lim_{n \to \infty}
   \sqrt[n]{\frac{\zeta_1(s)}{\zeta(s)} \cdots \frac{\zeta_n(s)}{\zeta(s)}}
   = \Big(\prod_p \frac{p}{p-1} \prod_q \frac{q}{q+1} \Big)^{\frac12} ,$$
where the products now are over all primes $p$ and $q$. Now 
$$ \Big(\prod_p \frac{p}{p-1} \prod_p \frac{p}{p+1} \Big)^{\frac12} 
   = \Big(\prod_p \frac{p^2}{p^2-1} \Big)^{\frac12}
   = \Big(\prod_p \frac1{1-\frac1{p^2}} \Big)^{\frac12}
   = \sqrt{\zeta(2)} $$
in agreement with Scholz's claim.
This prediction does not agree well with numerical experiments, and a
closer examination reveals that this is due to our omitting the ramified
primes from our considerations. In fact, for a given prime number $p$
about $\frac{X}{p+1}$ of the discriminants below $X$ are divisible by $p$,
and in the remaining fields half the primes split and the rest are inert.
If we take this behaviour into consideration it turns out that we expect 
the mean ideal density for quadratic number fields to be
$$ {\rm MID(F)} = \sqrt[3]{\frac{2^2}{2^2-1}} \sqrt{\zeta(2)} , $$
which agrees very well with numerical experiments.
"Computing" the mean ideal densities for other families of number fields
is straightforward. I do not know how difficult it is to make these
calculations rigorous, or what to do with them.
A: This may be a reference to the the Davenport-Heilbronn theorem
on the distribution of discriminants of number fields.
See 
math.stanford.edu/~fthorne/davenport-heilbronn.pdf
for a nice exposition. Strictly speaking the Davenport-Heilbronn
theorem is the case of cubic extensions. Quadratic extensions
are easy. I believe general quartic (and quintic) extensions
were proved recently by Bhargava; I don't know who first
proved the special cases of quartics that Scholz lists.
