Union of closed subschemes with the structure sheaf over it Elementary commutative algebra fact: for two proper ideals I and J of a commutative ring R, we have $V(IJ)=V(I\cap J)=V(I)\cup V(J)$.
Closed subschemes are related to sheaves of ideals. There is operation of intersection and product between sheaves of ideals, which is similar to the affine case.
I see in many places that the structure sheaf over $V(I)\cup V(J)$ are defined to be $R/I\cap J$ rather than $R/IJ$. Why should the structure sheaf be define in that way?
 A: Emerton explained well that $V(I\cap J)$ is the natural scheme structure; I'd just like to add that if $V(I)$ and $V(J)$ are divisors, it is also reasonable to use the scheme structure $V(IJ)$ on their union, i.e. their sum as divisors. So both versions have their merits.
A: I'm still learning AG, so I am open to feedback on this answer:
If we think about it in category theoretic terms:
The union of closed subschemes should be a coproduct in the category of closed subschemes of $\operatorname{Spec} R$ (with closed immersions).  Thus, in the affine case, you need the product in the category of ideals of $R$ (with inclusions).  The product in this category is clearly intersection of ideals, not product of ideals.
A: You probably agree that for the intersection, things are easy: the most reasonable definition of $V(I)$ and $V(J)$ is as the fibred product  $Spec\,R/I\times_{Spec\,R} Spec\,R/J=Spec\,R/I\otimes_R R/J=Spec\,R/(I+J).$
Now one natural way to view the union $V(I)\cup V(J)$ is as the result of glueing $V(I)$ and $V(J)$ along their intersection, that is, as the pushout of the diagram $V(I)\leftarrow V(I+J)\rightarrow V(J)$. And it is known (see e.g. Ferrand, Conducteur, descente et pincement) that such a pushout is representable in the category of schemes by the affine scheme whose function ring is the fibred product. Then you can do the following exercise: check that the 'diagonal' map $R\to (R/I)\times_{R/(I+J)}(R/J)$ is surjective with kernel $I\cap J$. In other words the sought-for fibred product is $R/(I\cap J)$. We end up with the conclusion that this pushout viewpoint leads naturally to the definition of the scheme-theoretic structure on the union being $Spec\,R/(I\cap J)$.
A: As with all definitions, there is no "proof" that the adopted definition is the right one but only a feeling that it better corresponds to our intuition.
In the case at hand, taking $R/IJ$ as structure sheaf would make union schemes nonreduced for no good reason. For example take $R=k[x,y,z], I=(y,z), J=(x,z)$. Geometrically you are describing the union $U$ of the $x$-axis and the $y$-axis in affine three space $\mathbb A^3_k$ .
It should have a reduced structure, correctly described by $I\cap J$, whereas      $I.J=(xy,zx, zy, z^2)$ would make the function $z$ nilpotent but not zero on $U$, which feels wrong since $U$ should be a closed subscheme of the plane $z=0$.
A more brutal objection to the idea of defining the union of two subschemes by the product of their ideals is that a subscheme $U$ would practically never be equal to its union with itself, since in general$ I\neq I^2$ : we would have (almost always)
 $$U\neq U \cup U$$
That looks bad!
A: If I and J are "coprime" (i.e., if I+J = R) then it's true that the I∩J=IJ, so the two definitions are the same. This is true for example if I and J are distinct primes. To illustrate the kind of thing that happens when there are common factors, consider this silly example: R = ℝ[x,y], I = J = (x). So the union of the two varieties of these ideals is again the y-axis, and the question you need to ask is what do you want as the ring of functions on the union--do you want *R/*I∩J =  ℝ[x,y]/(x) or do you want  R/IJ = ℝ[x,y]/(x2). the issue is that in the world of algebraic geometry, this choice matters, since an algebraic variety is not only defined by its points, but also it's ring of functions. it seems reasonable that you would want X ∪ X = X for any variety X, so you'd better choose the first choice. 
as a side note, the second choice is an example of a "nonreduced" variety, which i guess you wouldn't usually(?) see in a first course on algebraic geometry. it has more functions on it: one "full" dimension plus one "infinitesimal" dimension (i.e., with only linear functions in that direction).
A: (i) The union of two closed subschemes should be the smallest closed subscheme containing 
the two given ones; if you like, an initial object in the category of all closed subschemes
containing the given two.
In the case when the two given closed subschemes are $V(I)$ and $V(J)$, this
is is $V(I\cap J)$.  (The operation $V$ interchanges closed sets and ideals, and is order
reversing.)
(ii) In function-theoretic terms, a function $f$ (i.e. an element of the ring $A$) should vanish on $V(I) \cup V(J)$ (i.e. lie in the ideal cutting out $V(I)\cup V(J)$) if and only
it vanishes
on both $V(I)$ and $V(J)$ (i.e. lies in $I$ and $J$), which happens  if and only if $f$
lies in $I\cap J$.  Thus we are forced to define $V(I)\cup V(J) = V(I\cap J)$, if union
is to have anything like its usual meaning.
A: Because the first one is the right answer in the case of affine varieties, and the second one is not. Indeed, $R/I$, $R/J$ are nilpotent-free implies $R/I\cap J$ is nilpotent-free, but not so for $R/IJ$.
A: Relevant  in comparing $IJ$ and $I \cap J$
is Atiyah-MacDonald, exer. 1.13, (iii), at the top of p. 9.  It asserts that 
if $I, J$ are prime then    $$IJ \subset rad(IJ) = I \cap J.$$
(Note:  prime ideals are radical ideals, as are the intersections of radical ideals.)
Two instructive  examples (1):  $V(y) \cup V(y)$ as mentioned
earlier, where $I = J$.   Who wants that the coordinate ring
of the x-axis to be to be $K[x,y]/(y^2)$?
(2):   the variety $V$ which 
is  the union of the $z$-axis  ($V_1$) and the $xy$-plane
($V_2$).   $I = (x,y)$ and $J = z$ are the corresponding prime ideals.
$I \cap J = I J = (zx, zy)$ is the ideal of polynomial functions
which vanishes on $V$  corresponding to the
decomposition of $V$ into $V_1$ and $V_2$ and the decomposition of $IJ$ into primes. 
