# If $F(x,\bullet) \in {L^{\infty}}(G,B)$ for all $x \in G$, then is $x \mapsto F(x,\bullet)$ strongly measurable?

Let $(X,\Sigma,\mu)$ be a $\sigma$-finite measure space and $B$ a Banach space. A function $f: X \to B$ is said to be strongly $\mu$-measurable iff it is the almost-everywhere pointwise limit of a sequence $(s_{n}: X \to B)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ of integrable simple functions, where an integrable simple function $s: X \to B$ has the form $$s = \sum_{(E,b) \in I} \chi_{E} \cdot b$$ for some finite subset $I$ of $\{ E \in \Sigma \mid \mu(E) < \infty \} \times B$.

Let $G$ be a second-countable, locally compact Hausdorff group and $\mu_{G}$ a fixed Haar measure on the Borel $\sigma$-algebra $\mathscr{B}(G)$ of $G$. The second-countability condition implies that $G$ is $\sigma$-compact, which ensures that $(G,\mathscr{B}(G),\mu_{G})$ is a $\sigma$-finite measure space. Let $B$ be a separable Banach space and ${L^{\infty}}(G,B)$ the set of all (equivalence classes of) $B$-norm essentially bounded strongly $\mu_{G}$-measurable functions from $G$ to $B$.

Note: ${L^{\infty}}(G,B)$ is a Banach space, and except in trivial cases, it is always non-separable.

Question. If $F: G \times G \to B$ is a strongly $\mu_{G \times G}$-measurable function where $F(x,\bullet) \in {L^{\infty}}(G,B)$ for all $x \in G$, then is it true that the mapping \begin{align} G & \to {L^{\infty}}(G,B); \\ x & \mapsto F(x,\bullet) \end{align} is strongly $\mu$-measurable?

Thank you all very much for your help!

I think the answer is no, even in the case of $G:=\mathbb{R}$ with the Lebesgue measure and $B: =\mathbb{R}$ as a Banach space.

Let $F: \mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ be the characteristic function of the half-plane above the diagonal: $F(x,y):=\chi_\mathbb{{R}_+}(y-x)$. So $F\in L^\infty(\mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R} )$; however the corresponding map $\tilde F: \mathbb{R} \to L^\infty(\mathbb{R} )$ such that $x\mapsto F(x,\cdot)=\chi_{[x,\infty)}$ is not strongly measurable, because its range is not separable, as it is the discrete uncountable set $\{\chi_{[x,\infty)} : x\in \mathbb{R}\}$ (not even if we modify $\tilde F$ on some Lebesgue null set).

Rmk 1. A Banach space valued strongly measurable map $f$ on a measure space $X$ is necessarily essentially separable , that is, up to removing a null set $N\subset X$, its image $f(X\setminus N)$ is a separable subset of $B$ (indeed it is included in the closure of the countable union of the images of the simple functions that converge pointwise to $f$; and a simple function is exactly a measurable function with finite range).

Rmk 2. A theorem of Pettis states that a Banach space valued map $f$ on a measure space $X$ is strongly measurable if and only if: (i) it is essentially separable; (ii) it is weakly measurable (that is, measurable w.r.to the $\sigma$ algebra generated by the weak topology; (iii) its support is $\sigma$-finite. (See e.g. the Kōsaku Yosida's Functional Analysis. The proof is easy. ).

• I think Yosida quotes Pettis' theorem with a reference for the proof. Anyway note that "strongly measurable" easily implies (i), (ii) and (iii); for the other implication, one can assume $X$ sigma-finite and B separable. Note also that in a separable Banach space any closed ball is a countable intersection of open half-spaces, therefore it is weakly measurable, so that the weak and the strong Borel algebras coincide. Oct 17, 2014 at 9:01
• Thank you very much, Pietro. I need some time to look over your solution. One quick question: If I replace $L^{\infty}$ by $L^{2}$, do I get an affirmative answer? Oct 17, 2014 at 9:51
• I think so. For measure spaces $(X,\mathcal{A},\mu)$ and $(Y,\mathcal{B},\nu)$, for a Banach space $B$, and for $1\le p <\infty$ the correspondence gives a normed space isomorphism between the Bochner spaces $$L^p(X\times Y,B)\to L^p(X,L^p(Y,B)).$$ This is essentially Fubini-Tonelli; the key point is that a dense subset of simple functions in $L^p(X\times Y,B)$ is obtained by using characteristic functions of rectangles of finite measure in $X\times Y$; and these are mapped on a dense set of simple functions in $L^p(X,L^p(Y,B))$. I think no further assumptions are needed on $X$, $Y$, $B$. Oct 17, 2014 at 11:18
• Hi Pietro. Actually, I’m not sure about your last comment, as I’m only assuming that $F: X \times Y \to B$ is strongly measurable and not that it belongs to ${L^{p}}(X \times Y,B)$ for any $p \geq 1$. Oct 17, 2014 at 16:47
• For $1\le p<\infty$, your hypotheses should ensure that $L^p(G,B)$ be separable ; so you only need to verify condition (ii) of Pettis'theorem... Oct 17, 2014 at 17:40