An efficient method to find the MLE of the combination of two point processes I have a point process defined in two parts as follows. Consider first the main process which we call $A$ which is homogeneous Poisson process with conditional intensity
$$\lambda(t) = \mu$$
For every arrival time $x_i$ that $A$ produces we run another process which we call $B$. The conditional intensity of this process assuming $t\geq x_i$ is
$$\nu(t) = \gamma e^{-(t-x_i)}$$ 
The combined process simply combines the list of arrival times from $A$ and $B$.
This is easy enough to simulate if you are given the parameters $\mu$ and $\gamma$.

Given some real data listing arrival times, how can one compute the
  MLE for the two parameters of the combined point process in an
  efficient way?

There seems to be a combinatorial explosion that I can't see how to avoid.  I understand there is unlikely to be a closed form solution.
To give some more details of the difficulty in doing this. If you know which points are caused by process $A$ then you can compute the likelihood and use an optimization procedure to find the parameters $\mu$ and $\gamma$ which give the MLE. The problem is that you don't know that and trying all $2^n$ possibilities (where $n$ is the number of points in the data) is too much.  It is possible that something from the HMM training literature might help but I am not expert enough in that to be able to tell.
For a homogeneous Poisson process alone on a time interval $(0,T)$ which has $n$ points, the MLE is of course $n/T$.

Cross-posted to https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/25295/an-efficient-method-to-find-the-mle-of-the-combination-of-two-point-processes
 A: If I'm not mistaken, there are always infinitely many solutions to this problem. 
Informally: Suppose you plant an average of $\mu$ (fertile) parent plants per year, and each parent yields an average of $\gamma$ (infertile) children per year. An outside observer will then see the number of plants grow as $O(T^2)$. However, any specific growth rate could either be attributed to high a $\mu$ and a low $\gamma$, or a low $\mu$ and a high $\gamma$.
To bring this a bit closer to your situation, suppose you plant $\mu T$ parent plants at epochs
$$
\frac{1}{\mu}, \frac{2}{\mu}, \frac{3}{\mu}, \ldots, \frac{(\mu T - 1)}{\mu}, T.
$$
Then the expected number of children that parent number $i$ will have before you stop observing is
$$
\gamma \left( T - \frac{i}{\mu} \right).
$$
The total number of children in the interval $[0,T]$ is therefore given by the "triangular" sum
$$
\sum_{i=1}^{\mu T} \gamma \left( T - \frac{i}{\mu} \right)
\ =\ 
\gamma \frac{ T (\mu T - 1) }{2},
$$
and the total expected number of data points in $[0,T]$ is
$$
N
\ =\ 
\textrm{parents} \,+\, \textrm{children}
\ =\ 
\mu T \, + \, \gamma \frac{ T (\mu T - 1) }{2}.
$$
For large $N$, the strong law of large numbers ensures that any pair of values that satisfy this relationship should be close to one of the infinitely many MLE parameter settings that explains the data.
I realize this doesn't actually answer your question as you posed it, but I hope it helps a bit.
