Does linearization of categories reflect isomorphism? Given a category $C$ and a commutative ring $R$, denote by $RC$ the $R$-linearization: this is the category enriched over $R$-modules which has the same objects as $C$, but the morphism module between two objects $x$ and $y$ is the free $R$-module on $\operatorname{Hom}_C(x,y)$. Thus in $RC$ we allow arbitrary $R$-linear combinations of morphisms from the original category $C$.
Question: if two objects in $x$, $y \in C$ are isomorphic in $RC$, are they already isomorphic in $C$?
I do not know the answer to this question for any nontrivial ring $R$, but I'm particularly interested in $R=\mathbb{Z}$ and $R=\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$.
What's obviously not true is that every isomorphism in $RC$ comes from an isomorphism in $C$ (take $-id_x$). (Thus the word "isomorphism" in the title refers to a relation on objects rather than to a property of morphisms.)
Of course, it is enough to consider categories $C$ with two objects $x$, $y$, but we cannot assume that $C$ is finite.
It's fairly elementary to see that if $x$ and $y$ are isomorphic in $RC$ then in $C$, $x$ is a retract of $y$ and vice versa, but the latter does in general not imply that $x \cong y$.
A more catchy way of phrasing this problem is: can we always classify objects in a category up to isomorphism by means of functors taking values in $R$-linear categories? (The inclusion $C \to RC$ is the universal such functor.)
Edit: A lot of people have posted an "answer" that wasn't, and deleted it, so here's something that will not work, to save others going down the same road. I said that we cannot assume that the category is finite; in fact, it must be infinite. Here is an elementary argument:
Since $x$ and $y$ are mutual retracts, there are maps $f,\;f'\colon x \to y$ and $g,\;g'\colon y \to x$ with $fg=\operatorname{id}$ and $g'f'=id$. Consider the powers of $fg' \in \operatorname{End}(y)$. If $\operatorname{End}(y)$ is finite then $(fg')^n = (fg')^m$ for some $m \neq n$; since $fg'$ has a right inverse (viz, $f'g$), we must have that $(fg')^n=\operatorname{id}$ for some $n>0$. So we see that $g'$ has not only a right inverse ($f'$) but also a left inverse: $(fg')^{n-1}f$. So they are the same and $g'$ is already an isomorphism. 
 A: In the interest of having an undeleted answer, here is a small result. Let $x, y$ be objects and $f, g : x \to y$ and $u, v : y \to x$ be morphisms in $C$, and let
$$F = af + bg, G = cu + dv$$
be two morphisms in $RC$, where $a, b, c, d \in R$. If $FG = \text{id}_y, GF = \text{id}_x$, then WLOG $fu = \text{id}_y$ and also some term in $GF$ must equal $\text{id}_x$. If we want $x, y$ to be non-isomorphic, then $f$ cannot have a left inverse and $u$ cannot have a right inverse, so it must be the case that $vg = \text{id}_x$ and moreover no other composition of morphisms except $fu$ or $vg$ can be an identity.
It follows that $ac = bd = 1$, hence $a, b, c, d$ are all units, so none of the four terms in $FG$ or in $GF$ vanish. Thus the only way for all of the non-identity terms to cancel is if $gu = fv = gv$ and $ug = vf = vg$. But this implies
$$gug = fvg = f = gvg = g$$
and symmetrically $u = v$, so in fact $x, y$ must be isomorphic in $C$. Next on the list is linear combinations of three morphisms... 
A: Hi Tilman. I believe I proved that (in your language) linearization reflects isomorphism. The following is a sketch. I will send you a more detailed version. The general case may be reduced to the case of prime fields $F_p$ and certain categories $C$ with fixed objects $x$ and $y$ and morphisms $f_1,\dots,f_m\colon x\to y$ and $g_1,\dots,g_n\colon y\to x$ subject to relations which correspond to the fact that $u=f_1+\dots+f_m$ and $u^{-1}=g_1+\dots+g_n$ are mutually inverse in the $F_p$-linearization. Apart from trivial cases, we may reindex these generators such that $f_1g_1 = 1_y$ and $g_nf_m=1_x$, while the other summands in the expansion of $uu^{-1}$ and $u^{-1}u$, respectively, fall into equivalence classes whose size is a multiple of $p$. It is then possible to derive a sequence of pairs
$(i_1,j_1),(i_2,j_2),\dots,(i_k,j_k)$
such that $f_{i_r}g_{j_r} = f_{i_{r+1}}g_{j_{r+1}}$ for $r=2,3,\dots,k-1$ and $g_{j_r}f_{i_r}=g_{j_{r+1}}f_{i_{r+1}}$ for $r=1,3,\dots,k-2$. Then
$f_{i_1}g_{j_2}f_{i_3}g_{j_4}\dots f_{i_k}$ and
$g_{j_k}f_{i_{k-1}}g_{j_{k-2}}f_{i_{k-3}}\dots g_{j_1}$
are mutual inverses of $C$.
A: In this answere I (try to) present the problem  as a Algebraic Geometry one:
consider the category  $\mathscr{C} $ with two objects $X, Y$ and 
$\mathscr{C}(X, Y)$={$r_1,\ s'_1,\ r_2,\ s'_2$}  ;
$\mathscr{C}(Y, X)$={$s_1,\ r'_1,\ s_2,\ r'_2$}  ; $\mathscr{C}(X, X)$={$1_X, e_X$}  ; $\mathscr{C}(Y, Y)$={$1_Y, e_Y$}  where $e_X,\ e_Y$ are idempotent, and any composition of a morphism by a a idempotent  not alter the morphism, and $ 1_Y= r_1\circ s_1= r_2\circ s_2$, $ 1_X= r'_1\circ s'_1= r'_2\circ s'_2$, all other compositions give the (no identity) idempotent.
Suppose that $R$ is a commutative ring and in $R\mathscr{C} $ consider the morphims
$A:= a_1\cdot r_1 + b'_1\cdot s'_1 +  a_2\cdot r_2 + b'_2\cdot s'_2: X\to Y$ and
$B:= b_1\cdot s_1 + a'_1\cdot r'_1 +  b_2\cdot s_2 + a'_2\cdot r'_2: Y\to X$.
Let $\alpha :=a_1+b'_1+ a_2+ b'_2$, $\beta   :=b_1+a'_1+ b_2+ a'_2$,
Then  we have  $B\circ A=1_X$ iff:
1) $ a'_1\cdot b'_1+ a'_2\cdot b'_2=1$ and
2) $\beta \cdot a_1+ (\beta - a'_1)\cdot b'_1+ \beta  \cdot a_2+(\beta  -a'_2)b'_2=0$   i.e. $\beta  \cdot \alpha = a'_1\cdot b'_1+ a'_2\cdot b'_2 $
similarly   we have  $A\circ B=1_Y$ iff:
1') $ a_1\cdot b_1+ a_2\cdot b_2=1$ and
2') $\alpha \cdot \beta = b_1\cdot a_1+ b_2\cdot a_2 $
all these equations are equivalent to the system of three equations:
$ a'_1\cdot b'_1+ a'_2\cdot b'_2=1,\  a_1\cdot b_1+ a_2\cdot b_2=1,\ \alpha  \cdot \beta = 1$
thinking  these in  $\mathbb{C}[ a_1, b'_1, a_2, b'_2 , b_1, a'_1, b_2,a'_2] $ these represent three varieties on $\mathbb{C}^8 $
If these varieties have  an a intersections then $X, Y$ are isomorphic in $\mathbb{C}\mathscr{C} $ (but aren't isomorphic in $\mathscr{C}) $.
