Whitehead theorem for cohomotopy Recall that the cohomotopy set $\pi^k(\mathcal{M})$ is $[\mathcal{M},S^k]$, i.e., the set of pointed homotopy classes of continuous mappings $\mathcal{M}\to S^k$. Recall also the Whitehead theorem:

Theorem: Suppose $X,Y$ are connected CW complexes. Suppose then that $f:X\to Y$ is a continuous map which induces an isomorphism $f_{*}:\pi_k(X,x_0)\to\pi_K(Y,f(x_0))$ for any $x_0\in X$. Then $f$ is a homotopy equivalence.

Does the following conjecture hold?

Conjecture: Suppose $X,Y$ are connected CW complexes. Suppose then that $f:X\to Y$ is a continuous map which induces an isomorphism $f^{*}:\pi^k(Y)\to\pi^k(X)$. Then $f$ is a homotopy equivalence.

An obvious motivation comes from the Whitehead theorem. The only lead I have on finding a proof of this conjecture is a theorem of Hopf states that $\pi^k(X)$ is in bijection with $H^k(M)$.
 A: No, this is false.  According to the Sullivan Conjecture (Miller's Theorem), 
$\mathrm{map}_*(B\mathbb{Z}/p, S^n) \sim *$ for all $n$, which means
$$
[\Sigma^n B\mathbb{Z}/p, S^k] = *
$$
for all $n$.  So if we let $f: \Sigma^k \mathbb{Z}/ p \to *$, the induced map
$$
f^*: 
\pi^k(*) 
\to 
\pi^k ( \Sigma^n B\mathbb{Z}/p ) 
$$
is the equivalence $* \to *$.  Since $f$ is not a homotopy equivalence, this counterexamps the conjecture.
Perhaps it would be more interesting to restrict attention to
maps $f:X\to Y$ between finite complexes.
EDIT (further thoughts):  If $K$ and $L$ are finite complexes, then something like your co-Whitehead statement is true!
Theorem 1:  If $f: K\to L$ is a map of finite complexes such that $\pi^k( \Sigma^n f)$ is an isomorphism for all $k\geq k_0$ and all $n \geq n_0$, then $\Sigma f$ is a homotopy equivalence. 
Corollary 2:  In Theorem 1, if both $K$ and $L$ are simply-connected, then $f$ is a homotopy equivalence.
The proof uses a theorem of mine:
Theorem M:  If $X$ is simply-connected and of finite type and $\mathrm{map}_*(X,S^k) \sim *$ for all sufficiently large $k$, then $\mathrm{map}(X,Y)\sim *$ for all finite-dimensional CW complexes $Y$.
Proof of Theorem 1:  The hypotheses imply that the cofiber $C_{\Sigma^{n_0} f} \simeq \Sigma^{n_0} C_f$
satisfies $\mathrm{map}_*(\Sigma^{n_0} C_f, S^k) \sim *$ for all $k \geq k_0$.  Theorem M implies that $\mathrm{map}_*(\Sigma^{n_0} C_f, \Sigma^{n_0}C_f) \sim *$, which implies $\Sigma^{n_0} C_f \sim *$ and hence that $\Sigma C_f \sim *$.  This suffices to show that $\Sigma f$ is a homotopy equivalence.
A: No, certainly not. If $X$ is a space with trivial reduced integral homology (for example the Poincare homology sphere with a ball removed) then the cohomotopy sets are all trivial, like those of a point.
EDIT  Here are some details. Suppose $X$ has trivial homology, therefore trivial cohomology for all constant coefficients. Let $f:X\to Y$ be a based map with $Y$ connected and $\pi_1Y$ abelian. $Y$ is homotopy equivalent to a space that fibers over a $K(G,1)$ with $1$-connected fiber $Y_2$. $f$ can be lifted to a map $f_2:X\to Y_2$. $Y_2$ is homotopy equivalent to a space that fibers over a $K(G,2)$ with $2$-connected fiber $Y_3$. $f_2$ can be lifted to a map $X\to Y_{3}$, and this process can be repeated indefinitely. In the limit $f$ is lifted to an $\infty$-connected space, showing that it is homotopic to a constant.
A: Let me just add that stably it is true that a map f: $X\xrightarrow{} Y$ between finite complexes that induces isomorphisms on cohomotopy (of all degrees, now, including negative) is a weak equivalence.  This is because the collection of all Z such that 
$f^{*} : [Y,Z] \xrightarrow{} [X,Z]$
is an isomorphism is a thick subcategory (also closed under products)
so if it contains the spheres it contains all finite complexes.  It is not true for general Y and Z because there are many many spectra with no cohomotopy at all; the Morava K-theories for example.  
This also points to what goes wrong unstably, because mapping out of things behaves well with respect to fibrations, not cofibrations.  So you'd expect the co-Whitehead theorem to be true not for finite complexes, but for spaces that can be built from spheres by taking iterated total spaces of fibrations; Lie groups for example, maybe.  
