The cohomology plus what characterizes the rational homotopy type? For simplicity let me work only with connected and simply connected spaces. "Space" will mean a space of this type. 
A space is rational if its homotopy groups are rational vector spaces (equivalently, the integral homology groups are rational vector spaces). The rationalization of a space X is a rational space Y and a map $X \to Y$ with induces an isomorphism on homology groups with rational cohomology (a rational equivalence).  Rational homotopy theory studies the homotopy theory of rational spaces (and rationalizations of spaces). 
There are several equivalent ways to encode the rational homotopy type going back to work of Sullivan and Quillen. For example you can encode the entire rational homotopy type in terms of a commutative dga (Sullivan's rational forms). But this is a lot of structure to carry around, and I am wondering how to encode the rational homotopy type in terms of a smaller amount of data. 
Specifically, I would like to know what additional information/structure you need to place on the rational cohomology groups in order to determine the rational homotopy type of a space. I have been told that "Massey products" suffice. But do you really need all Massey products? or can you get away with just some of them? Which ones? I would also be very interested in simple alternatives to Massey products which encode the rational homotopy type.  
 A: Let $X$ be a topological space, and let $A^*(X)$ be its CDGA of polynomial forms. As we work over a field you can produce a quasi-isomorphism (it is a chain homotopy equivalence):
$$p:A^*(X)\rightarrow H^*(X,\mathbb{Q})$$
and transfer the commutative product from $A^*(X)$ to $H^*(X,\mathbb{Q})$. Then you a get a $C_{\infty}$-structure on the cohomology. As Mark writes, citing Kadesihvili, this determines the rational homotopy type of the space at least when $X$ is simply-connected and of finite type.
Just a few comments on this structure:
1) if you want to do some computations at some point you will need to have natural algebraic structures, a priori this transfer depends on choices. This transfered structure is not natural.
2) of course cohomology seems smaller and this statement is cool. But you will pay a price for this "smallness" in the complexity of the $C_{\infty}$-structure. And this is can be expensive.
3) You really need all Massey products, you can produce a lot of very funny examples playing with complement of links. 
4) Dev Sinha and Ben Walter have two very nice papers on "Lie coalgebras and rational homotopy theory", the second one on Hopf invariants is related to my third remark. They explain how rational homotopy groups are related to higher linking numbers. 
A: In this paper by Tornike Kadeishvili, it is shown that the rational cohomology of a simply connected space carries the structure of a $C_\infty$-algebra, and that the isomorphism type of this object determines the rational homotopy type of the space.
