Yes, this is still true, if we assume that $E$ is the underlying local system of a polarized variation of Hodge structure on $\overline X$, which takes care of most local system of "algebro-geometric origin".
Deligne's result comes from a combination of the following three results:
- The Leray spectral sequence for $f \colon X \to S$ and the sheaf $\mathbf Q$ degenerates.
- The map $H^n(\overline X,\mathbf Q) \to W_nH^n(X,\mathbf Q)$ is surjective.
- $H^0(S,R^nf_\ast \mathbf Q)$ is pure.
To generalize to a local system we need a suitable formalism of mixed sheaves. Since you have $\mathbf Q$-coefficients it looks like you're working over $\mathbf C$ so we should use Saito's theory of mixed Hodge modules. Then all these remain true with coefficients in $E$ instead.
For the first one, Saito proves that the perverse Leray sequence degenerates for a proper morphism and a pure Hodge module. For a morphism which is in addition smooth the perverse Leray sequence is just the ordinary one, and if $E$ is a PVHS then it's a pure Hodge module.
For the second it is enough to prove dually that $\mathrm{gr}^W_{n+k} H^n_c(X,E) \to \mathrm{gr}^W_{n+k} H^n_c(\overline X, E)$ is injective (where $k$ is the weight of the sheaf $E$). But the long exact sequence of a pair identifies the kernel of this map with a quotient of $\mathrm{gr}^W_{n+k} H^{n-1}_c(\overline X \setminus X,E)$ which vanishes by the fact that $Rf_!$ decreases weights. (For a more general statement see Peters and Saito, "Lowest weights in cohomology of variations of Hodge structure".)
The third follows because $H^0(S,R^nf_\ast E)$ injects into $H^n(X_s,E)$ (as the monodromy invariants) which is pure because $X_s$ is smooth and proper and because the restriction of $E$ to $X_s$ is still pure, again everything is due to Saito's theory.