What is the name of the following theorem: dimension of complex irreducible representation divides order of group Who proved it? When?
See also:
Irreducible Degrees and the Order of a Finite Group 
http://planetmath.org/proofthatdimensionofcomplexirreduciblerepresentationdividesorderofgroup
Why would dim primitive irrep divide size of some conjugacy class ?  
 A: Georg Frobenius, Über die Primfactoren der Gruppendeterminante, Sitzungsber. Akad. Berlin (1896) 1343-1382. The theorem is announced at the beginning, p. 1344:

Der Grad $f$ ist ein Divisor der Ordnung $h$

and proved at the very end, p. 1382:

Daher ist die Zahl $e=f$ ein Divisor der Ordnung $h$.

P.S.: As to an agreed-upon name for this theorem, I think there isn't one (or googling would reveal it). Too much competition from other results of Frobenius! So, other than in the book by Etingof et al. (who innovate by calling it "Frobenius divisibility theorem"), one finds mainly turns of phrase like "Frobenius's theorem that the degrees of the irreducible characters divide the order of the group", as in Curtis (who devotes two pages to this theorem and Burnside's second proof of it).
An interesting byproduct of this archaeology is some light shed on the words "degree" and "irreducible" in representation theory — namely, they initially qualified factors of a polynomial, the group determinant.
