How to prove Lambert's W function is not elementary? Liouville's theorem gives such a proof for antiderivatives of functions like $e^x/x$ or $e^{x^2}$, and differential Galois theory extends that to Bessel functions, say. But what tools exist for implicit functions like Lambert's W?
 A: It seems that the non-linear differential equation satisfied by the Lambert $W$ function is simple enough for this question to have already been answered. This paper proves that the Lambert $W$ is non-elementary by appealing to a result of Rosenlicht (1969):

Bronstein, M., Corless, R. M., Davenport, J. H. and Jeffrey, D. J.
(2008) Algebraic properties of the Lambert W Function from a
result of Rosenlicht and of Liouville. Integral Transforms and
Special Functions, 19 (10). pp. 709-712.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10652460802332342

The argument runs roughly as follows. First note that $W(x)$ satisfies a two-variable algebraic-differential system, where the differential part has a special form:
\begin{equation*}
  W e^W = x \implies W'\!/W + W' = 1/x \implies \{Y = x/W,\; Y'\!/Y = W'\} .
\end{equation*}
Now, consider the differential field $\mathbb{C}(x)(Y,W)$ where $x'=1$, $Y'/Y = W'$ and $f(x,Y,W)=0$, with $f$ polynomial in $Y$ and $W$ over $\mathbb{C}(x)$. According to a more general result of Rosenlicht, the field $\mathbb{C}(x)(Y,W)$ is Liouvillian only if $Y$ and $W$ are algebraic over $\mathbb{C}(x)$. So, if $W(x)$ were elementary (elementary is a special case of Liouvillian) then it would be algebraic.
It remains to check that $W(x)$ is not algebraic. The above article shows that as well. I'll just leave it at saying that it follows from the fact that it satisfies a transcendental equation.
A: In [Ritt 1948] p. 53 - 56, the method of J. Liouville is given for Kepler's equation. The same method can be applied to functions $f$ with $f(z)=A(z,e^z)$ ($A$ an algebraic function of two complex variables with complex coefficients), to functions $g$ with $g(z)=A(z,\ln(z))$, and generally to functions $h$ with $h(z)=u(A(v(z),e^{v(z)}))$ ($u,v$ bijective elementary functions whose inverses are elementary functions) with a complex domain that doesn't contain isolated points. An example is Lambert W.
[Ritt 1948] Ritt, J. F.: Integration in finite terms. Liouville's theory of elementary methods. 1948
A further method is the method of Rosenlicht, M.: On the explicit solvability of certain transcendental equations. Publications mathématiques de l'IHÉS 36 (1969) 15-22. It is a byproduct of Liouville's theory of integration in finite terms. It is written in the language of Differential algebra, but it can be represented also without that.
This method is applicable only for functions satisfying a differential equation that is simple enough.
A reference for Kepler's equation is Zarzuela Armengou, S.: About some questions of differential algebra concerning to elementary functions. Pub. Mat. UAB 26 (1982) (1) 5-15.
A reference for Lambert W function is Bronstein/Corless/Davenport/Jeffrey 2008 from the answer of Igor Khavkine above.
The branches of Lambert W are the local inverses of the Elementary function $f$ with $f(z)=ze^z$, $z \in \mathbb{C}$.
The incomprehensibly unfortunately hardly noticed theorem of Joseph Fels Ritt in Ritt, J. F.: Elementary functions and their inverses. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 27 (1925) (1) 68-90 answers which kinds of Elementary functions can have an inverse which is an Elementary function.
And Ritt's theorem shows that no antiderivatives, no differentiation and no differential fields are needed for defining the Elementary functions.
Ritt's theorem is proved also in Risch, R. H.: Algebraic Properties of the Elementary Functions of Analysis. Amer. J. Math 101 (1979) (4) 743-759.
By extension of Risch's structure theorem for the elementary functions, Ritt's theorem could possibly be extended to other and to larger classes of functions, as I proposed in my question here: How to extend Ritt's theorem on elementary invertible bijective elementary functions?.
