Is the prime ideal principal which is in 256-th cyclotomic ring lying over 257? As we known, the integer ring R of 256-th cyclotomic field is not a Principal Ideal Domain.
And rational prime 257 is split completely in R. 
Suppose prime ideal P of R is an arbitrary ideal lying over 257. 
My question: Is P a principal ideal in R? 
If it is, how to find one of its generator? Or, is there an algorithm to obtain its generator?
Thank you very very much! 
 A: Let $K/\mathbf{Q}$ be the degree $32$ field of $64$th roots of unity, and let $L/K$ be the field of $256$th roots of unity. The class number of $K$ is $17$, and the degree of $K$ is just small enough to be able to compute the unit group, etc. According to pari, if $\mathfrak{p}$ is a prime of norm $257$ in $K$, then $\mathfrak{p}$ is not principal. On the other hand, if $\mathfrak{P}$ above $\mathfrak{p}$ of norm $257$ in $L$ was principal, then so would $N_{L/K}(\mathfrak{P}) = \mathfrak{p}^4$, which is a contradiction because $\mathfrak{p}$ has order $17$ in the class group.
This gives the answer to this particular problem, but if you want to understand how the computation actually works, 
there is an (extensive) theory of computing units and class groups in the literature: a good starting point is Henri Cohen's book A course in computational algebraic number theory.
There are general algorithms to solve generalizations of your problems, but unfortunately, they are known to be computationally difficult, and one was just fortunate that there was a trick to reduce to a smaller field in this case. We don't even know the class number of $\mathbf{Q}(\zeta_{71})$ without using GRH (we do, of course, know the plus part). Also, if $\mathfrak{p}$ had turned out to be principal, that wouldn't have said anything about $\mathfrak{P}$. There's actually a subfield $E = \mathbf{Q}(\zeta - \zeta^{-1})$ of degree $16$ which also has class number $17$, but the primes $\mathfrak{q}$ above $257$ in $E$ turn out to be principal.
