Every abelian torsion-free group is strictly totally orderable (via the compactness theorem) Let $\mathbb G = (G, +)$ be a group. We say that $\mathbb G$ is strictly totally orderable (others would say bi-orderable) if there exists a total order $\preceq$ on $G$ such that $x+z \prec y + z$ and $z + x \prec z + y$ for all $x,y,z \in G$ with $x \prec y$. It is not difficult to give a direct proof of the fact that if $\mathbb G$ is abelian and torsion-free then it is strictly totally orderable (Proof. There is a group embedding of $\mathbb G$ into a divisible group, and then into $(\mathbb Q^\kappa,+)$ for $\kappa := |G|$); the result is credited to F. W. Levi [1]. However, an exercise in Hodges' Model Theory asks for a proof of the same result by the compactness theorem, a proof which I wasn't able to reconstruct. So the questions are:


Q1. Could you mention an article or a book where such a proof can be found? Q2. Would you sketch such a proof here?


Thanks in advance for any help.
References.
[1] F. W. Levi, Arithmetische Gesetze im Gebiete diskreter Gruppen, Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo 35 (1913), 225–236.
 A: A compactness argument which Hodges may have had in mind can go as follows. Since a subgroup of a totally ordered group is also a totally ordered group, it suffices to embed the given abelian torsion-free group $G$ into a totally ordered group, i.e., to show that the theory of totally ordered abelian groups is consistent with the diagram of $G$. By the compactness theorem, it is enough to show that this is true for any finite subset of the diagram. This finite subset only mentions finitely many constants from $G$, hence it suffices to show that every finitely generated subgroup of $G$ is totally orderable. However, every finitely generated abelian torsion-free group is isomorphic to $\mathbb Z^n$ for some $n\in\omega$, which can be given e.g. the lexicographic order.
Notice that only the last step used something specific about abelian groups. The same argument shows that a (nonabelian) group is totally orderable if and only if all its finitely generated subgroups are, and likewise for other ordered structures (e.g., semigroups or rings).
A: 
A group $G$ is not bi-orderable if and only if for some finite subset $J$ of $G\smallsetminus\{1\}$, for every $e\in \{-1,1\}^J$ there exists $n\ge 1$, group elements $c_1,\dots,c_n$, and a function $s:\{1,\dots,n\}\to J$ such that
$$\prod_{i=1}^nc_is(i)^{e(s(i))}c_i^{-1}=1_G.$$

Indeed, first clearly if there is such $J$, then if by contradiction there is a bi-invariant total order, there exists $e$ such that $s^{e(s)}>1$ for all $i$, and then since being $>1$ is stable under conjugation and taking products, we get a contradiction.
The converse is where compactness takes place. Suppose that the condition fails. That is, for every finite subset $J$ there exists $e\in\{-1,1\}^J$ such that the condition fails: $1_G$ is not in the subsemigroup generated by the union of all conjugates of $\{s^{e(s)}:s\in J\}$. By compactness, there exists a function $e:G\smallsetminus\{1\}\to\{-1,1\}$ that satisfies the same condition. Then

*

*$e(g^{-1})=-e(g)$ for all $g\neq 1$, because $g^{e(g)}(g^{-1})^{e(g^{-1})}\neq 1$),


*$e(g)=e(hgh^{-1})$ for all $g\neq 1,h$, because $g^{e(g)+e(ghg^{-1})}=g^{e(g)}h^{-1}(hgh^{-1})^{e(hgh^{-1})}h\neq 1$;


*$e(g)=1,e(h)=1$ imply $e(gh)=1$, because $(gh)^{1+e(gh)}=g^{e(g)}h^{e(h)}(gh)^{e(gh)}\neq 1$
So defining $S=\{g\neq 1:e(g)=1\}$, we have $S$ stable under conjugation and product, and $G=1\sqcup S\sqcup S^{-1}$. Thus defining $g<h$ if $g^{-1}h\in S$ defines a bi-invariant (strict) total order.
It is clear that the above criterion is "local" and in particular a group satisfies it iff it all its finitely generated subgroups do.
Note that similarly (and more simply) we have the classical:

A group $G$ is not left-orderable if and only if for some finite subset $J$ of $G\smallsetminus\{1\}$, for every $e\in \{-1,1\}^J$ there exists $n\ge 1$ and a function $s:\{1,\dots,n\}\to J$ such that
$$\prod_{i=1}^ns(i)^{e(s(i))}=1_G.$$

The interest of such criteria appears for instance considering orderability of ultraproducts (of possibly non-orderable groups, e.g., of finite groups). Namely, define for a given subset $J$, $n_J$ and $n'_J$ as the smallest integer $n$ in the above criterion (for left-, resp. bi-orderability), and $\infty$ otherwise. Define $\mu_G(k)=\inf_Jn_J$ and $\mu'_G(k)=\inf_Jn'_J$ where $J$ ranges over finite subsets of $G$ of cardinal $\le k$. So the above criteria say that $G$ is non-left-orderable (resp. non-bi-orderable) if and only if $\mu_G(k)<\infty$ (resp. $\mu'_G(k)<\infty$) for some $k$. By the way also note that $\mu_G(1)=\infty$ iff $G$ is torsion-free, and otherwise $\mu_G(1)$ equals the smallest prime $p$ such that $G$ has an element of order $p$.
Then ($\bullet$) an ultraproduct $\prod^\omega G_i$ is left-orderable (resp. bi-orderable) if and only if $\forall k,\lim_{i\to\omega}\mu_{G_i}(k)=\infty$ (resp. $\forall k,\lim_{i\to\omega}\mu'_{G_i}(k)=\infty$). (And it is torsion-free iff $\lim_{i\to\omega}\mu_{G_i}(1)=\infty$.)
Note that this makes the failure of left orderability appear as a generalization of torsion.
In turn an application of the latter is the following

Proposition. A pseudofinite group is bi-orderable iff it is torsion-free.

(A group is pseudofinite if it is elementary equivalent to some ultraproduct of finite groups. Examples of non-left-orderable torsion-free groups are mentioned at several places on MO, e.g., here)
Proof of the nontrivial implication: every nonprincipal ultraproduct of $C_p$ for $p$ prime is a torsion-free abelian group, and hence for every $k$, we have $\mu'_k(C_p)\to\infty$ when $p$ prime tends to infinity (an explicit estimate should be doable but I don't need it). Write $u_p=\min_{p'\ge p}\mu'_k(C_p)$, it tends to infinity too. Next, I claim that for every finite solvable group $G$ with smallest prime divisor $p$ of $|G|$, we have $\mu'_k(G)\ge u_p$. Indeed, considering a subset $J$ as in the definition, considering the subgroup generated by $J$ and passing to a cyclic quotient, we see that there exists a prime divisor $q$ of $|G|$ such that $ \mu'_k(G)\ge\mu'_k(C_q) \;(\ge u_p)$.
Now let $G$ be pseudofinite and torsion-free, hence it is elementary equivalent to some ultraproduct $U=\prod^\omega G_n$ of (a sequence of) finite groups, and hence $U$ is torsion-free as well. Since it is torsion-free, the smallest prime divisor $|p_n|$ of $G_n$ $\omega$-tends to infinity. In particular, $\omega$-a.e., $|G_n|$ is of odd order, hence solvable by the Feit-Thompson theorem [if one wishes to be self-contained, assume $G$ pseudo-(finite solvable)].
Hence, by the previous paragraph, for every $k$, the number $\mu_k(G_n)$ $\omega$-tends to infinity. So, by the above criterion ($\bullet$) $U$ is bi-orderable. Since the criterion given at the beginning also shows that being bi-orderable is invariant under elementary equivalence, we deduce that $G$ is bi-orderable.
