A double grading of catalan numbers

This is something I found in trying to work on Vince Vatter's excellent question. I have no solution, but a much more precise conjecture.

Recall that a rooted planar tree is a rooted tree where, for every vertex, the children of that vertex come equipped with an order. I will think of the vertices of tree as members of an asexually reproducing species, and therefore use language like "sibling", "cousin", "child", "parent", "generation" etc. When I speak of generations, I am counting from the oldest, so the root is the fist generation; the children of the root are the next generation, and so forth. For any vertex, I will think of the ordering of its children as the birth order of the children.

Define a vertex $v$ to be "crucial" if $v$ is the youngest member of its generation, all the other members of that generation are childless, but $v$ has children. For example, in the tree $$\begin{matrix} & & a & & \\ & & \downarrow & & \\ & & b & & \\ & \swarrow & \downarrow & \searrow \\ c & & d & & e \\ & & \downarrow & & \downarrow \\ & & f & & g \\ & & \downarrow & \searrow & \\ & & h & & i \\ & & & & \downarrow \\ & & & & j \\ \end{matrix}$$ the crucial elements are $a$, $b$, $f$ and $i$. So the root is always crucial.

Let $c(p,q,n)$ be the number of planar trees on $n$ vertices with $p$ crucial elements and where the root has $q$ children. For example, of the $5$ planar trees on $4$ elements, there is one tree each with $(p,q)$ equal to $(1,2)$, $(2,1)$, $(3,1)$, $(2,2)$ and $(1,3)$.

The number of planar trees, $\sum_{p,q} c(p,q,n)$, is the Catalan number $C_{n-1}$ (item $e$ on Stanley's famous list). Also, $\sum_{p} c(p,1,n)$ is $C_{n-2}$ -- this counts planar trees where the root only has one child, so just delete the root to get planar trees on $n-1$ vertices.

Planar trees on $n$ vertices are in bijection with sequences $a_1$, $a_2$, \dots, $a_{n-1}$ of integers such that $a_1 =0$ and $0 \leq a_{i+1} \leq a_i+1$ (item $u$ on Stanley's list). The bijection is to consider $j$ to be in generation $a_j$, with the parent of $j$ being the largest $k$ such that $a_k = a_j-1$ and $k \lt j$. Then put a root at the top in generation $-1$.

The lists of integers in Vatter's question are a subset of lists above. Specifically, they are the ones where the root is the only crucial vertex. (Doug Zare's answer was very helpful in making me realize this description.) So our goal is to show that $\sum_q c(1,q,n)$ is Catalan. After a lot of computation, I came to the following conjecture:

The integer $c(p,q,n)$ only depends on $p+q$ and $n$. The array of integers $c(p+q, n)$ is the Catalan triangle.

I'm bad at indexing, so I'll give the values for planar trees on $10$ vertices. In total, there are $4862$ such trees in total. There are $429$ of them with $(p,q) = (1,2)$ and the same number with $(p,q) = (2,1)$. In total, the number of trees with each value of $(p,q)$ is: $$\left( \begin{array}{ccccccccc} 0 & 429 & 429 & 297 & 165 & 75 & 27 & 7 & 1 \\ 429 & 429 & 297 & 165 & 75 & 27 & 7 & 1 & 0 \\ 429 & 297 & 165 & 75 & 27 & 7 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 297 & 165 & 75 & 27 & 7 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 165 & 75 & 27 & 7 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 75 & 27 & 7 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 27 & 7 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 7 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right)$$ Note that the numbers 1, 7, 27, 75, 165, 297, 429, 429 appear as a row of the Catalan triangle. In particular, proving this proves Vatter's conjecture, since the sum $\sum_q c(1,q,n)$ would then be the sum of a row of the Catalan triangle, and hence a Catalan number.

Federico Ardilla found a matroid whose Tutte polynomial $T_n(x,y)$ obeyed $T_n(1,1) = C_n$ and $T_n(x,y) = T_n(y,x)$. I have checked numerically that $T_n(x,y)$ appears to be $\sum c(p,q,n) x^p y^q$. Federico gives an explicit generating function for his polynomial (Theorem 3.6). From this formula, one can check that the coefficient of $x^p y^q$ depends only on $p+q$. I will add that this is a very unusual property for a Tutte polynomial to have, and I would be interested to know any general property of a matroid which implies it.

Federico gives a combinatorial interpretation for the coefficient of $x^p y^q$ in $T_n(x,y)$ in terms of Dyck paths. For him, $q$ is the number of times the Dyck path returns to $0$, which is easily related to the number of children of the root. However, his $p$ is the number of up steps before the first down step. I do not see why this should be the number of crucial vertices.

What's going on here?

• This is a great question! :) – Gjergji Zaimi May 25 '13 at 3:35
• As I discuss in this answer to Vince Vatter's question, my bijection involves the "zeta map" sending the dinv statistic on Dyck paths to the area statistic. Observe that this map sends the number of up steps before the first down step to the number of touch points - thus, this might have something to do with your last paragraph. – Christian Stump May 25 '13 at 10:25
• It widens my eyesight. Great question. – Henry.L May 25 '13 at 10:37
• @Christian: I had a look at the zeta map but do not see your observation, I guess I'm misunderstanding something. In Jim Haglund's book there is an illustration on pg 50, but there the length of the initial rise of $\pi$ is 3 while the number of returns of $\zeta(\pi)$ is 2. Could you clarify? (Eg., does it work only in the special situation of Vince Vatter's question, and after "shortening" the Dyck path by omitting the first and the last step?) Thanks! – Martin Rubey May 25 '13 at 19:36
• Hi @Martin: sorry, you're right - what I meant is that the zeta map sends the number of zero's in the area sequence to the size of the first bounce. The number of zero's is equal to the number of returns, while the size of the first bounce is the number of up steps before the first down step. It is thus the other way round than what I wrote in my comment above. In the example, the number of zero's on the left is 1 as is the number of up steps before the first right step. – Christian Stump May 25 '13 at 22:11

It appears that the zeta map which I used to answer Vince Vatter's initial question and which I describe in my answer there, see also page 50 of Jim Haglund's book, indeed solves also this problem:

As discussed in a comment above, the zeta map has the property that it sends

• the number of $0$'s in an "area sequence" $a = (a_1,\ldots,a_n)$ (item $u$ in Stanley's list, see also Property $D$ in my answer to the other question) to the number of initial north (or up) steps, and
• the number of $i$'s for which all $i$'s appear before all $i+1$'s within $a$ to the number of returns to $0$ (excluding the very last return).

On the other hand, David's bijection between rooted planar trees and Dyck paths sends

• the number of children of the root to the number of $0$'s in the corresponding area sequence, and
• the number of crucial vertices in a tree (excluding the root which is always, except for $n=1$, crucial) to the number of $i$'s for which all $i$'s appear before all $i+1$'s within the corresponding area sequence.

Combining his bijection with the zeta map yields therefore a bijection between rooted planar trees and Dyck paths that sends the bistatistic

(number of crucial vertices, number of children of the root)

to the bistatistic

(number of returns to $0$, number of initial north steps).

To extend David's initial example of the $5$ rooted planar trees of size $4$, the $5$ area sequences corresponding to them (in the ordering $$(1,2), (2,1), (3,1), (2,2), (1,3)$$ as above) are $$010, 011, 012, 001, 000.$$ Applying the zeta map yields the area sequences $$011, 001, 000, 010, 012.$$ For those, the (sequence of the) number of returns to $0$ is $1,2,3,2,1$ and the (sequence of the) number of initial north steps is $2,1,1,2,3$. We thus obtain the same bistatistical sequence.

We thus proved that $\sum c(p,q,n)x^py^q$ is indeed equal to the Tutte polynomial $T_n(x,y)$.

I wanted to add a simple combinatorial proof that the coefficient of $x^p y^q$ is dependent only on $p+q$. Given a Dyck path of length $2n$, let $q$ be the number of returns to $0$ and let the initial segment be $0 1 2 3 \cdots (p-1) p (p-1)$. I will introduce an operation which sends a path of type $(p,q)$, with $q \geq 2$, to one of type $(p+1, q-1)$.

So, take a Dyck path with $q \geq 2$. Write it as a matching parentheses sequence; we can decompose it as $$( D_1 ) ( D_2 ) ( D_3 ) \cdots ( D_q )$$ where each $D_i$ is, itself, a matching parentheses sequence. We map it to $$((D_1)D_2) (D_3) \cdots (D_q)$$ It is easy to see that this map is invertible for $p \geq 2$.

• Warning, shameless plug: A slightly generalized version of this is in arxiv.org/abs/1305.2206 – Martin Rubey May 28 '13 at 15:57

"...his $p$ is the number of up steps before the first down step. I do not see why this should be the number of crucial vertices." It is not. In your example is true, but what if $j$ was a son of $h$ instead of $i$? $i$ will no longer be crucial, and the number of first Ups steps remains the same.

However, if your conjecture about $\sum c(p,q,n)x^py^q$ is true, what we need is the following:

Think of the bijection between the trees and the Dyck paths as performing depth-first search starting at the root and going up in the Dyck path everytime we go down in the tree, we can see that the statistic $p$ is the length of the leftmost branch (the branch of the first-borns), let's call it the royal number. That is not necessarily equal to the crucial number, but there may be a bijection between planar trees with royal number $m$ and planar trees with crucial number $m$ preserving the number of children in the first generation (because the part involving $y^q$ is already making sense)

• In terms of sequences $a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_{n−1}$ such that $a_0=0$ and $a_{i+1}≤a_i+1$. The bijection should be between sequences with $a_m=m$ and $a_{m+1}\leq m$ and sequences with $m$ special elements $a_s$such that $a_k\leq a_s$ for $k<s$ and $a_s\neq a_l$ for$s<l$. The bijection should preserve the number of zeros. – F Castillo May 25 '13 at 23:48