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Having just finished Michael Nielsen's book "Reinventing Discovery", I find myself wondering if there are ways that pure mathematics research can engage the public in the way that GalaxyZoo or Foldit have in astronomy and protein science respectively. In other words, to break up large-scale research problems into manageable chunks which can be tackled by massed ranks of amateur enuthusiasts (citizen scientists).

Let me give you three examples of what I have in mind (which each have their own drawbacks)

  1. One obvious historically relevant possibility which comes to mind would have been getting people to check cases of the four-colour theorem. This could obviously be done by computer, but perhaps if it were done by hand(s) the proof would be less controversial. The main drawback is that the proof has already been done (by computer) and people would maybe feel like they were wasting their time because they could be replaced by a computer. A good citizen science project would make crucial use of the fact that its citizens were human.

  2. Perhaps, given a suitably programmed piece of software for manipulating Kirby diagrams, amateurs could be let loose on checking new potential counterexamples to the smooth Poincare conjecture in dimension 4 (like the recent Nash ones which were found to not be counterexamples by Akbulut). The disadvantage would be that such software would be pretty hard to write (I imagine).

  3. Donaldson's Lefschetz fibration theorem effectively reduces symplectic geometry in 4-dimensions to study of the mapping class groups of surfaces. In particular it would be useful to find new factorisations of the identity in mapping class groups into words of right-handed Dehn twists (these correspond to Lefschetz fibrations on closed symplectic manifolds). A piece of software allowing people to play with mapping class groups might help find such interesting factorisations. The drawback would be that this definitely feels like searching for a needle in a haystack. The beauty of GalaxyZoo is that each click you make is contributing positively to the project, even if you're not finding a new type of galaxy. With a needle-in-a-haystack problem, users would get frustrated very quickly. It's also possible that a computer would perform better.

So my question is:

Can we collectively come up with some reasonable (proto)-propositions for research projects in pure mathematics which would be amenable to citizen science? Ideally these would be both useful for pure mathematics, and intellectually engaging and rewarding for the citizens (preferably not searching for a needle in a haystack).

Edit: Just to be clear, I am interested in specific suggestions for mathematical problems which could be amenable to solution by 'citizen science' and I don't want to open up a discussion about whether this is desirable or sensible: that's not part of MathOverflow's remit. A priori, it's not even clear to me that such mathematical problems exist and I would be interested to hear if more imaginative people than me can come up with suggestions.

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    $\begingroup$ re: 2) see community.middlebury.edu/~mathanimations/kirbycalculator $\endgroup$
    – j.c.
    Commented Nov 18, 2012 at 12:33
  • $\begingroup$ Oh that's cool! I always wanted one of those! $\endgroup$
    – Jonny Evans
    Commented Nov 18, 2012 at 14:12
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    $\begingroup$ @HW : A conceptual picture of what Jonny wants is a description of the semigroup generated by positive Dehn twists in the mapping class group. This is a subtle object, and no presentation of it is known (if you never have done so, it's worth reflecting on what a presentation of a semigroup even means; without inverses, things are very complicated). For a taste of how difficult it is to study, I recommend Auroux's paper "A stable classification of Lefschetz fibrations", which despite its title is really about the mapping class group. www-math.mit.edu/~auroux/papers/stabslf.pdf $\endgroup$
    – Andy Putman
    Commented Nov 18, 2012 at 16:18
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    $\begingroup$ Thanks, Andy! I was hoping you might turn up and translate. $\endgroup$
    – HJRW
    Commented Nov 18, 2012 at 17:16
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    $\begingroup$ I would imagine that if you could create a computer interface slick-enough to make Kirby-calculus pleasant and intuitive for the general public, the interface would be slick enough to automate the process and not bother with people at all. $\endgroup$
    – Ryan Budney
    Commented Nov 18, 2012 at 22:03

7 Answers 7

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I have a suggestion. In fact, I've had this idea on the backburner for some time.

Question: Given a triple of permutations $\theta=(\alpha,\beta,\gamma)$, with $\alpha,\beta,\gamma \in S_n$, does there exist a Latin square that admits $\theta$ as an autotopism?

(If you're an algebraist, take the same question and replace "Latin square" with "quasigroup".)

I nearly went bonkers answering this question up to $n=17$ for this paper.

While algorithmic methods would take big chunks out of this problem, there would always be some cases that wouldn't work. Backtracking algorithms would sometimes paint themselves into a corner early on, and take virtually forever to escape. And, even if they did work, as soon as I resolve all cases for some value of $n$, it left open the $n+1$ case.

Why this is suitable for crowd computing:

  1. Answering an instance of this question is much like solving a Sudoku problem. All the user has to do is input numbers in a matrix and the computer can check that there's no clashes.

  2. Humans have an advantage over computers: they will be able to see that they painted themselves into a corner early on.

  3. An individual question is not that hard (but there's a lot of them).

  4. Once you have a solution, it's straightforward to check that it's correct, and can act forever as a "certificate" for a given $\theta$.

I foresee implementing this as a puzzle, where the user is presented with a $n \times n$ matrix, with some boundaries (representing the cycles of $\alpha$ and $\beta$) and they place in a symbol from $\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ into any empty cell. Given that entry, the computer generates the orbit under the action of $\langle \theta \rangle$, thereby filling in some more cells. From the user's point of view, it looks like the numbers "wrap around" and orbits also "pass through" walls in the matrix.

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    $\begingroup$ +1, eventually an answer that actually is an answer. $\endgroup$
    – user9072
    Commented Nov 19, 2012 at 13:23
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    $\begingroup$ We could call it "crowd-proving", put everyone's name on the paper and finally beat the 500-author medical papers! $\endgroup$
    – Gordon Royle
    Commented Nov 20, 2012 at 7:38
  • $\begingroup$ Could this be made to work with Amazon Mechanical Turk? $\endgroup$
    – Timothy Chow
    Commented Oct 5, 2019 at 15:21
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  1. I have no proposal, but only want to mention a historical example of what can be called "Citizen science" in mathematics. http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/85.707573. This is how the book of Abramowitz and Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions was created. During the Great Depression, the National Bureau of Standards hired jobless people (not professional mathematicians) to compute tables of special functions. The result was a good and useful book. Perhaps nobody is using tables nowadays but the book is still useful.

  2. Suppose that the 4-color was checked by 1000 amateurs instead of a computer. Would the proof be more reliable, or more convincing?

  3. In astronomy, there is a whole area which is mostly done as "Citizen's Science". It is the discovery of new comets. Only amateurs can afford just to look at random places in the sky. However, with improvement of computers speed and software, I predict that even this will be soon "automatized".

  4. And one more question: it is somehow taken for granted that "citizen's science" is something desirable, so this part of the question is not even discussed. (I am not so sure).

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  • $\begingroup$ Nice example. Concerning 2, I agree and this is why I listed it as an example with a drawback. $\endgroup$
    – Jonny Evans
    Commented Nov 18, 2012 at 14:42
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    $\begingroup$ I was going to raise point 2 myself. I think the reason that the computer proof of FCT was controversial is both that it was non-conceptual and also relied on the reliability of the code (which can be checked) and the machine (which can't). Farming it out to human verifiers doesn't fix the first problem and makes the second one worse. The only reason nowadays to have people do repetitive computational work is if either no totally algorithmic solution is known, or if the choice of problem itself requires some intelligence. In that sense, the citizens would have to be somewhat scientists. $\endgroup$
    – Ryan Reich
    Commented Nov 18, 2012 at 15:53
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    $\begingroup$ Concerning 4, I thought that MathOverflow was ill-suited to discussion of such subjective topics, but that collecting a list of suggested problems amenable to a 'citizen science' approach was within its remit. $\endgroup$
    – Jonny Evans
    Commented Nov 18, 2012 at 20:33
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    $\begingroup$ ---During the Great Depression, the National Bureau of Standards hired jobless people (not professional mathematicians) to compute tables of special functions---. I wish we could do something like that today. Alas, the computers are much cheaper and more efficient and reliable than people for such low level tasks and as far as anything of higher level is concerned, I agree with Gerhard. "Citizen math." is hardly any better than "citizen poetry". Yeah, we can all rhyme, but who cares about our doggerels? If you do not believe me, try to write a piece of poetry yourself and show it to someone. $\endgroup$
    – fedja
    Commented Nov 18, 2012 at 23:49
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    $\begingroup$ @fedja - humans have valuable geometric intuition which is not readily available to a computer. Did you look at the "foldit" example given in the OP? It isn't unreasonable to me to think that some complicated geometric task could be encoded in a fun game, and that human verifiers playing with the geometry might be more effective than machines, at least for the time being. Although I wonder if the people behind foldit know about snappea. $\endgroup$
    – Steven Gubkin
    Commented Nov 19, 2012 at 0:42
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There are two obvious classes of problems that are amenable to this sort of thing.

  1. Converting human-readable proofs into machine-checkable proofs that are verifiable using something like Mizar, HOL Light, Isabelle, Coq, etc. This is a large amount of work that a professional mathematician might find boring but that amateurs could find interesting.

  2. Large-scale searches and computations that can be farmed out, like SETI@home and GIMPS. The existence of a finite projective plane of order 12 would be one example, but it would be easy to come up with a lot of other problems of this sort.

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abcathome.com was an effort of Leiden University to involve citizen scientist in finding new 'good' abc-triples.

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    $\begingroup$ ---10 September 2011 Due to a flood of spam, we've temporarily restricted who can post to the project forums.--- Great achievement of "citizen science", isn't it? $\endgroup$
    – fedja
    Commented Nov 19, 2012 at 4:20
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    $\begingroup$ At a glance this seems only like a distributed computing thing. There are others. Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search would be an example mersenne.org $\endgroup$
    – user9072
    Commented Nov 19, 2012 at 13:48
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    $\begingroup$ Yes, this is the problem. I can easily come up with a thousand ways to use people's computers, cars, houses, money, whatever to benefit math. or whatever else. The question, however, is how to use people themselves... $\endgroup$
    – fedja
    Commented Nov 21, 2012 at 21:47
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    $\begingroup$ This answer mas made by Steven Landsberg, not me. The stupid 60% Vincent thing is a result of the rules of editing that require so-and-so-many characters to be changed. All I really wanted to do is change the link after the one posted by Steven was expired $\endgroup$
    – Vincent
    Commented Jun 30, 2017 at 10:29
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1.Harnessing the existing public interest on major math problems such as Turbulence and Riemann hypothesis. Provide people with software to study toy models from these problems and search for interesting structures. For example, in turbulence we have the rise of persistent structures (called coherent structures) such as the hairpin. enter image description here

(Attracting (red) and repelling (blue) Lagrangian CSs extracted from a two-dimensional turbulence experiment)

  1. Analytic Number theory is amenable to public science like having people search for particular kinds of primes by providing them with some software.
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One might find an analogy useful. Can one harness citizen volunteerism in building a bridge?

Indeed, many might find a bridge more useful, and any experience in bridge building, materials acquisition, aesthetic design, or even fund raising can be used. However, to do a good job, the primary work should be the domain of those trained in the discipline of bridge-building. Even the advice of experienced but retired bridgebuilders should not be taken verbatim, but should always be considered and possibly dismissed against the situation of the present bridge being built.

Mathematics is not bridge building, but if the goal is to involve citizens (and not just their computers), then for a project to be successful, it must not try to get citizens to do things for which they are inadequately trained. There are many ways to run a computer program the wrong way; I would trust the masses to find a number of bugs in a program, but not to verify its correctness. So the citizens could participate in testing certain grapsable aspects of a theory, assuming there are parts that can be made accessible.

I would also turn to the masses for inspiration and for pedagogical testing. If I give a lecture to a group of people, I am interested in the feedback of those who did not understand it, or those who had a different perspective. I would appreciate any helpful (to me) efforts made to improve or broaden the scope of my communication, be it written or otherwise. I would also appreciate reasonable attempts at communicating a different perspective of the issue, so that I could "steal the idea" and use it elsewhere.

I have more than once had the fantasy of making an adventure-based computer game where the goal and steps to arrive it could be mapped either to a soution to an optimization problem or proof attempts at some interesting conjecture. Software design systems have evolved to the point where the fantasy is being realized, if only in early stages. That would be another avenue for non-trained participants to contribute.

Gerhard "Ask Me About System Design" Paseman, 2012.11.18

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    $\begingroup$ "I have more than once had the fantasy of making an adventure-based computer game where the goal and steps to arrive it could be mapped either to a soution to an optimization problem or proof attempts at some interesting conjecture." This has been achieved by FoldIt: fold.it , as mentioned by the OP. $\endgroup$
    – Joseph O'Rourke
    Commented Nov 19, 2012 at 1:43
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There are many open bijective problems in algebraic combinatorics, that could be attacked by amateurs. It is basically about finding a rule to explain expansions. The data could be generated easily, or posted by a mathematician, and the public can try to explain it.

Examples:

  • The $e$-expansion of certain chromatic symmetric functions. This is about assigning a partition to acyclic orientations of certain graphs, to match some data.

  • The qt-Catalan symmetry problem. Basically finding an involution on Dyck paths interchanging two quite elementary statistics.

  • Inventing statistics on semi-standard tableaux explaining the qt-Kostka numbers related to modified Macdonald polynomials.

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