Property/Relations using Fourier series/transform, which give complete information about all the jump singularities of a function. Consider a function which has only jump singularities of the form of the function itself or one of its derivatives jumping. Now let $\hat{f}(k)$ be its Fourier transform/series. We know the decay of the magnitude of the Fourier series/transform depend on how many times $f$ is continuously differentiable.
But now what I am asking is are there any such similar relations which not only tells how many times $f$ is continuously differentiable, but also gives complete information about all the jump singularities of $f$, i.e., the location of the jump $x_i$, the order of the derivative jumping $k_i$, and the amount of the jump $D_i$.
Is it unintuitive to ask such a question? Is such a thing not intuitively possible? I have been sincerely working hard for the past two years trying find an answer to this question, and I would sincerely appreciate suggestions and insights on this question.
EDIT (In view of comment by fedja)
We assume we have complete information about all the Fourier series/transform coefficients both magnitude and phase of all the infinite coefficients. I have mentioned the relation to be somewhat like asymptotic with the only reason that no 'finite number of Fourier coefficients can give any information about the singularities. That's why I expect the relations which give information about singularities need to involve all the infinite coefficients, and in this sense I used the word asymptotic, but we essentially assume we can utilize the full information about all the Fourier coefficients.
If we assume we do not have information about a finite number of Fourier coefficients, it would still not make any difference to the problem as these finite missing coefficients do not carry any info about the singularities, as they would form addition of a trignometric polynomial which is smooth.
EDIT 2
I am not interested in recontrsucting the function. There could  be a lot of functions which could possess the same singularities as the given function but different from the given function. I want a property of  the Fourier  transform/coefficients which is obeyed by all such functions.
EDIT 3
To make my point more precise, may I add that the method should be amenable to an algorithm with infinite computations. Would it be a legitimate thing? I may be not be quite right here, but let me try to express my interest. I assume we were given all (except some finite) the Fourier coefficients, but not in any closed form expression. Say they were supplied to us as real numbers data. Now I'd like know how to do computations on them to determine the singularities.
EDIT 4 (after the answers by Igor Khavkine and Paul Garret)
I am seeking for something as rigorous as this theorem. Let the function $f(\theta)$ be a BV and periodic with period $2\pi$. Let $s_n(\theta)$ be the $n^{th}$ Fourier  series partial sum then, we have $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{{s'_n}(\theta)}{n} = \frac{1}{\pi}(f(\theta^+)-f(\theta^-))$$. Not exactly same or similar to  this, but it should be as rigorous as this theorem.
 A: Consider functions of the form $s_k(x) = \Theta(x) x^k$, where $\Theta(x)$ is the Heaviside step function. Then any function of the kind you describe can be written as $f(x) = g(x) + \sum_{i,k} (A_{ik} s_k(x-y_i))$, where the constants $A_{i,k}$ and $y_i$ determine the magnitudes of some finite number of discontinuities in derivatives of order less than $r$ and their locations, and $g(x)$ is $C^r$ regular. Obviously the same decomposition will be true for the Fourier transform $\hat{f}(\xi)$. It is straightforward to compute the Fourier transforms $\hat{s}_k(\xi)$ and match them to the asymptotics of $\hat{f}(\xi)$ for large $\xi$. Essentially, they will decay as powers of $\xi$ and $\hat{s}_k(x)$ will always dominate $\hat{g}(\xi)$ for any $g(x)$ that is $C^r$ regular, with $r>k$.
Then, $\hat{f}(\xi) = \sum_k F_k(\xi) \xi^{-k-1}$, where each $F_k(\xi)$ is a finite linear combination of the form $\sum_i A_{ik} \exp(i\xi y_i)$. It should be straight forward to extract the locations $y_i$ and the jump magnitudes $A_{ik}$ if the $F_k(\xi)$ are known.
A: Adding something to Igor Khavkine's good answer and examples: the question might be construed as talking about functions (additively) _modulo_Schwartz_functions_, for example. Thus, two functions with a jump discontinuity at the same finitely-many points, by the same amount, with the same left-and-right behaviors there, perhaps up to some fixed finite order, would fall into the same equivalence class. Fourier transform would respect the decomposition mod Schwartz functions. There are several reasonable choices for prototypes for functions otherwise rapidly decaying but with specified jumps. For example, the family of functions $x^\alpha\cdot e^{-x}$ for $x>0$ (and $0$ for $x<0$) allows specification of behavior at the jump $x=0$, and the Fourier transforms are readily computible: constant multiples of $1/(x+i)^{\alpha+1}$. Translation is obviously compatible. Thus, in this example, the asymptotics of a finite linear combination of the $x^\alpha\cdot e^{-x}$'s (and translates) at infinity (that is, modulo Schwartz) give (a finite amount of) precise information about the jumps.
A: The question of reconstructing piecewise-smooth (and periodic) functions from their Fourier series coefficients was considered in a series of papers by K.Eckhoff, who developed the so-called "Krylov-Gottlieb-Eckhoff method". See e.g.


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*K.Eckhoff, "Accurate reconstructions of functions of finite regularity from truncated Fourier series expansions" (Mathematics of Computation, 64 (1995): 671-690.)


He showed that $\hat{f}(\xi)$ possess full asymptotic expansion, from which it is in principle possible to reconstruct the positions and the magnitudes of the jumps (and subsequently the point-wise values of the functions between the jumps). Recently, in the two papers


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*D.Batenkov, Y.Yomdin, "Algebraic Fourier reconstruction of piecewise-smooth functions", (Mathematics of Computation, 81 (2012), 277-318), http://arxiv.org/abs/1005.1884

*D.Batenkov, "Complete Algebraic Reconstruction of Piecewise-Smooth Functions from Fourier Data" (to appear in Mathematics of Computation), http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.0680
we have modified this method and actually proved that the new method's rate of convergence is the maximal possible one. In particular, we provide an  explicit nonlinear algorithm to compute the singularities.
An important note is that some kind of a-priori information is necessary in all this business. For instance, you should assume that your jumps are not too small and not too close, otherwise finite number of integral measurements might not distinguish between them. In our papers we provide explicit quantifications of this kind.
