Standard name of "atomic morphisms"? Googling for "atomic morphism" gives me only 70 results. Is this concept so fruitless or does it have another standard name?
What I mean is a morphism $f: A \rightarrow B$ such that 
$$(\forall g,h)\ f = g \circ h \rightarrow (g = f\ \wedge\ h = id_A)\ \vee\ (g = id_B\ \wedge\ h = f).$$
 A: As mentioned in the comments, I would probably call such a morphism "irreducible" or "prime."  A "less evil," and perhaps more useful, version would be to ask that if $f = g \circ h$, then either $g$ or $h$ is an isomorphism.  In this form, if you regard the multiplicative monoid of a ring as a category with one object, the (noninvertible) irreducible morphisms are precisely the irreducible elements of the ring.
I agree that in "concrete categories" such morphisms are unlikely to be very common or useful, but one other situation in which they arise is free categories on directed graphs.  In such a category, the nonidentity irreducible morphisms are precisely the generators (the images of the edges of the directed graph you started from).
A: Like Qiaochu said, the notion you have defined is rarely useful: for instance it is not invariant under replacing a category with an equivalent one (e.g., the unique morphism in the terminal category • is "atomic" but there are no atomic morphisms in the category with two objects related by a unique isomorphism).  Even when your category is rigid (has no isomorphisms at all besides identites) there may be fewer "atomic" morphisms than you expect: for instance the simplex category has none (we can factor the identity morphism of [n] nontrivially through [m] for m > n).
However, I noticed in your other question you use the term in the case of categories which are posets.  In that special case, the notion is a good one and has a name: if there is an "atomic" morphism x → y, we say that "y covers x".  I think the morphism itself is also called a cover, but I'm not sure about the exact terminology in that case.
A: A very similar notion is that of an irreducible morphism. 
In an abelian category, a morphism is called a split monomorphism if it is an inclusion of an direct summand, and a split epimorphism if it is the projection onto a direct summand. A morphism is called split if it has either of the above properties.
A morphism $f$ is called irreducible if it is not split but, whenever $f=st$, either $s$ is a split monomorphism or $t$ is a split epimorphism. 
I have never seen this definition used outside abelian categories, but I think it makes sense in any category: We can define split monomorphisms as the maps which have right inverses and split epimorphisms as the maps which have left inverses.
