Expected distance between two points in the plane Let $f(x)$ be a continuous probability distribution in the plane.  It is obvious that if $X$ and $X'$ are two independent random samples from $f$, then $\mathbf{E}(\|X - X'\|) \leq 2 \mathbf{E}(\|X\|)$ by the triangle inequality.  Can this upper bound be made tighter if we assume that $f$ is rotationally symmetric about the origin., i.e. $f(x) = g(\|x\|)$ for some function $g$?
 A: Using the pareto distribution $f(x) = \frac{\alpha}{x^{\alpha+1}}$ ($x > 1$) , the ratio $\frac{E(||X-X'||)}{E(||X||)}$ approaches a $2$ as $\alpha$ tends to 1. 
To find such a distribution, consider that all else equal, you want to maximize the difference $||X||-||X'||$ since the angle between the two is independent. This means that you want a distribution that extends to infinity as flatly as possible.
A: The conditional expectation
$$\eqalign{E[ \|X - X'\| | \|X\| = r, \|X'\| = s] &= \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_0^{2\pi} \sqrt{r^2 + s^2 - 2 r s \cos \theta}\ d\theta \cr &=  \frac{2(r+s)}{\pi} EllipticE(2 \sqrt{rs}/(r+s))\cr}$$
where EllipticE is Maple's version of the complete elliptic integral of the second kind.
Note that $0 < 2 \sqrt{rs}/(r+s) \le 1$, with $1$ occurring for $r=s$.  On the interval $[0,1]$, $1 \le EllipticE(x) \le \pi/2$.  Thus 
$$ \frac{4}{\pi} E[\|X\|] = \frac{2}{\pi} E[\|X\|+\|X'\|] \le E[\|X - X'\|] \le E[\|X\|+\|X'\|] = 2 E[\|X\|] $$
A: Under the assumption that $f$ is radial, the angle between $X$ and $X'$ is uniformly distributed in $[0,\pi]$ (since the signed angle that each of $X$ and $X'$ makes with the $x$-axis is uniformly distributed by rotational invariance, hence so is their difference). Thus the distribution of $\|X-X'\|$ is the same as the distribution of $\| (r,0)-s e^{i\alpha}\|$ where $\alpha$ is an angle chosen uniformly at random, and $r, s$ are  two independent samples of the distribution $g$ (on $[0,\infty)$). Its expectation thus equals (after a little calculation)
$$
\pi^{-1}\int_0^\pi \int \int \sqrt{r^2+s^2-2rs\cos(\alpha)} g(r) g(s) dr ds d\alpha,
$$
or
$$
\pi^{-1}\int_0^\pi \int \int \sqrt{(r+s)^2-2rs(1+\cos(\alpha))}  g(r) g(s) dr ds d\alpha.
$$
I suppose you could get some bound in terms of $\mathbb{E}(\|X\|)$ from here which is better than $2\mathbb{E}(\|X\|)$, but there is a much more pleasant expression for the expectation of $\mathbb{E}\|X-X'\|^2$: as before, this is
$$
\pi^{-1}\int_0^\pi \int \int r^2+s^2-2rs\cos(\alpha) g(r) g(s) dr ds d\alpha,
$$
which can be readily evaluated to $2\mathbb{E}(\|X\|^2)-4\mathbb{E}(\|X\|^2)/\pi$.
