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That is, for any symplectomorphism $\psi: D^2 \to D^2$, there should be a time-dependent Hamiltonian Ht on D2 such that the corresponding flow at time 1 is equal to $\psi$.

I found this in claim a paper, and I think it should be easy, but nothing comes to mind. I'd be happy with a reference to a page in McDuff-Salomon, but I couldn't find this there immediately.

Thanks!

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  • $\begingroup$ Hi! I know that this is a fairly old thread but could reference the paper that made the claim? Thank you :) $\endgroup$
    – Nick A.
    Commented Oct 31, 2021 at 17:46

2 Answers 2

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It is a theorem of Smale that the group of orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of $D^2$, rel boundary, is contractible. If the diffeomorphisms can move the boundary, you can establish a homotopy equivalence between that and the circle. The diffeomorphisms do not have to preserve area. Then, a theorem of Moser establishes a deformation retract from diffeomorphisms to volume-preserving diffeomorphisms. Moser's result is easier to see if you have a closed manifold, but it extends to manifolds with boundary with the doubling trick. Together, this indirectly gives you a curve of symplectomorphisms connecting the identity to $\psi$, since in two dimensions the symplectic structure is just a volume structure. Finally if you have a smooth curve of area-preserving diffeomorphisms of a disk, I think there is a time-dependent Hamiltonian obtained by integrating the corresponding vector field.

I shared the same concern that Ilya expresses in the comments, but after considering it, here is why I think that it works. To have a clean view of the boundary conditions, let's double the disk to the sphere and let everything be equivariant with respect to reflection across the equator.

Moser's theorem truly is a deformation retraction. Let $M$ be a Riemannian manifold, let $\mu$ be a volume form on $M$ (not necessarily Riemannian volume), and let $\phi_\alpha:M \to M$ be a family of diffeomorphisms of $M$ that may or may not preserve $\mu$. Then $\mu_\alpha = (\phi_\alpha)_*(\mu)$ is "wrong". Let $\mu_{\alpha,t}$ be a family of volume forms defined as the weighted geometric mean of $\mu_\alpha$ and $\mu$: $$\mu_{\alpha,t} = \mu^t \mu_\alpha^{1-t}.$$ Then there is a corresponding Moser flow $\phi_{\alpha,t}$ such that $\phi_{\alpha,0} = \phi_\alpha$ and $\phi_{\alpha,1}$ is volume-preserving. Moreover, $\phi_{\alpha,t} = \phi_\alpha$ for all $t$ if $\phi_\alpha$ is already volume-preserving for some fixed $\alpha$.

In particular, if $\phi_t$ is a curve of diffeomorphisms as produced by Smale's theorem with $\phi_0$ the identity, then Moser gives you an improvement $\phi_{t,s}$ such that $\phi_{t,1}$ is then what you want. What worried us is whether $\phi_{1,1} = \phi_1$; if $\phi_1$ is area-preserving, then it is true.

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  • $\begingroup$ Thank you for the answer! There's one thing I don't understand however: the Moser's theorem I know does not seem strong enough to give a deformation retraction from diffeo. to volume-preserving diffeo. All it would do is, given a time dependent volume form $\omega_t \in H^2(D^2)$, it'd give use a flow $\gamma_t: D^2 \to D^2$ such that $\gamma_t^*(\omega_t)=\omega_0$ and $\gamma_0 = id$. In particular, if $\omega_1 =\omega_0$, there is no guarantee that $\gamma_1 = id$. In other words, in our situation, if we have a path of diffeo $\psi_t$, apply Moser to $\psi_t^*(vol)$ to get $\gamma_t$, $\endgroup$
    – Ilya Grigoriev
    Commented Dec 19, 2009 at 18:36
  • $\begingroup$ then the composition $\phi_t \circ \psi_t^-1$ will be a path of volume-preserving diffeomorphism, but the volume preserving diffeo. at time 1 will not be $\phi_1$. Is there a way to strengthen Moser to fix this and get a deformation retraction from diffeo. to volume-preserving diffeo.? Am I missing something? $\endgroup$
    – Ilya Grigoriev
    Commented Dec 19, 2009 at 18:38
  • $\begingroup$ Thank you very much, this now works very well. It's a neat idea! $\endgroup$
    – Ilya Grigoriev
    Commented Dec 19, 2009 at 23:01
  • $\begingroup$ You're very welcome; I enjoyed the question. $\endgroup$
    – Greg Kuperberg
    Commented Dec 19, 2009 at 23:21
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I just wanted to expand two points of Greg's answer. Both are rather trivial additions, but took me a short while to understand, so I'm putting them here for completeness's sake and my own future reference.

First, here's a picture of Greg's idea of fixing the problem with Moser's trick. In his notation, we have volume forms $\mu_{\alpha,t} = \mu^t \mu_\alpha^{1-t}$. They are defined because the two volume form must have the same sign everywhere (since everything is orientation-preserving; note that because of this I doubt that this argument can be generalized to symplectic forms in higher dimensions).

The obvious, but wrong, solution (described in my comments to his answer) would be to apply Moser's theorem to $\mu_{\alpha,0}$ in this notation. This would correspond to flowing along the horizontal axes of the picture below. However, Greg's idea is to flow in a different direction: we fix $\alpha$ and vary $t$. Strictly speaking, we should also show that the resulting flow $\phi_{\alpha,1}$ will be smooth, but this should follow from the proof of Moser's theorem quite easily.

                                         Moser flow,
                                t        defines phi_alpha,t
        (mu_{alpha,1} = mu)   1 ^          ^
                                |          .
                                |          .
                                |          .
                                |          .
   (mu_{alpha,0} = mu_alpha)  0 ----------------> alpha
 (phi_{alpha,0} = phi_alpha)

(Note that, for all t, $\mu_{0,t}=\mu_{1,t}=\mu$)

Secondly, Greg's answer implies that there is an isotopy $\psi_t: D^2 \to D^2$ such that each $\psi_t$ is volume preserving (or, equivalently, a symplectomorphism), $\psi_0$ is the identity, and $\psi_1=\psi$. Here's how we find the time-dependent Hamiltonian such that this is the Hamiltonian flow. Let Xt be the time-dependent vector field that is the derivative of the flow $\psi_t$. The fact our flow is volume-preserving is equivalent to the fact that the 1-form $\iota_{X_t} \omega$ is be closed for all $t$. Since we are on a disk, this form will also be exact. So, let $H_t$ be the function such that $dH_t = \iota_{X_t} \omega$. The Hamiltonian flow of the function $H_t$ is precisely $\psi_t$; this is immediate from the definitions.

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  • $\begingroup$ Two points on your points: (1) What you graciously call my idea is really an elaboration of two general precepts that are not due to me. One is that deformation retracts, or even more generally homotopy equivalences, are very powerful. The other is that Moser's trick is very powerful. (2) There is a symplectic version of Moser's trick, but it indeed does not give you a homotopy equivalence between diffeomorphisms and symplectomorphisms. The volume case is nicer because the set of volume structures is convex and therefore contractible. $\endgroup$
    – Greg Kuperberg
    Commented Dec 20, 2009 at 0:15
  • $\begingroup$ Also I didn't have to be so fancy as to use a weighted geometric mean of the measures. You could also use an arithmetic mean. $\endgroup$
    – Greg Kuperberg
    Commented Dec 20, 2009 at 5:48

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