It's a bit of a long story, but I can at least give the idea. Let $X$ be a smooth projective variety over $\mathbb{C}$. The Hodge conjecture says that for all $p\geq 0$, the cycle class map
$$Ch^p(X)_{\mathbb{Q}} \to Hdg^p(X)_{\mathbb{Q}}$$
from codimension p algebraic cycles to Hodge classes is surjective, with rational coefficients. First, a small modification: Grothendieck gave a Chern character isomorphism
$$K_0(X)_{\mathbb{Q}} \simeq \oplus_p Ch^p(X)_{\mathbb{Q}}$$
identifying rational Chow theory with rational algebraic K-theory, so the Hodge conjecture can be equivalently reformulated as saying that the map
$$K_0(X)_{\mathbb{Q}} \to \oplus_p Hdg^p(X)_{\mathbb{Q}}$$
is surjective. Now, the proposed modification involves modifying $K_0(X)$ to a different kind of K-theory $K^{an}_0(X)$, which takes into account the analytic nature of $\mathbb{C}$. I will describe more precisely what this analytic K-theory is below, but for now let me take it as a black box. The usual K-theory maps to the analytic K-theory, and the above map extends to a map
$$K^{an}_0(X)_{\mathbb{Q}} \to \oplus_p Hdg^p(X)_{\mathbb{Q}}.$$
Then the weak form of the modified Hodge conjecture is that this map is surjective. This modified form is obviously strictly weaker than the usual Hodge conjecture. But it admits a strengthening, in a different direction. Recall that the usual cycle class map from $Ch^p(X)$ to $Hdg^p(X)$ actually factors through a more refined target, the Deligne cohomology group $H^{2p}(X;\mathbb{Z}(p))$, which is an extension of $Hdg^p(X)$ by the Griffiths intermediate Jacobian. (This Deligne cohomology is essentially the "derived" version of the definition of Hodge classes.) Now, it is known that the Hodge conjecture fails on the level of Deligne cohomology, and in fact this obstructs some inductive methods for trying to prove the Hodge conjecture by induction on dimension and using hyperplane sections (see section 3 of http://publications.ias.edu/sites/default/files/hodge.pdf). However, the situation conjecturally improves when passing to analytic K-theory. Just as with the usual cycle class map to Hodge cycles, the refined cycle class map to Deligne cohomology also extends to a map from analytic K-theory
$$K^{an}_0(X)_{\mathbb{Q}} \to \oplus_p H^{2p}(X;\mathbb{Q}(p)),$$
and we conjecture this map to be not just surjective, but an isomorphism. In fact, one can also make an analogous map out of $K^{an}_i(X)_{\mathbb{Q}}$ for any $i\in\mathbb{Z}$, with values in $\oplus_p H^{2p-i}(X;\mathbb{Q}(p))$, and we even conjecture this to be an isomorphism for all $i$.
To finish I want to say something about what this analytic K-theory is, but first, a sobering remark: one of the reasons people really care about the Hodge conjecture is that it produces strong algebraic data (algebraic cycles) out of rather weak topological/analytic data (Hodge classes). The modified Hodge conjecture does not do this: it produces analytic data instead of algebraic data. But it maybe gives a new perspective on the Hodge conjecture: if the modified Hodge conjecture is true, then the usual Hodge conjecture would essentially amount to the statement that the comparison map $K_0(X) \to K^{an}_0(X)$ is surjective on connected components, i.e. any analytic K-theory class can be continuously deformed into an algebraic K-theory class. Moreover, the modified conjecture fits the spirit of the original Hodge conjecture, in the following sense: cycle classes, or algebraic $K_0$ classes, can be viewed as a kind of universal source for cohomology classes, and the Hodge conjecture is saying that Hodge classes give universal classes. Similarly, the modified Hodge conjecture is saying is that, in some sense, Deligne cohomology is a universal cohomology theory for analytic spaces over the complex numbers. So we're not "missing" any cohomology theories; Hodge theory really has it all. This is actually why I'm interested in the statement, not because it's connected to the traditional Hodge conjecture. I just want to see if we're missing something. If we are missing something, then the modified Hodge conjecture will be wrong, and analytic K-theory will hopefully hint to us exactly what it is that we're missing.
Now, about the definition of analytic K-theory. It fits into the framework of Alexander Efimov's remarkable extension of the scope of algebraic K-theory. Usually, algebraic K-theory is defined in terms of small categories, like the category of vector bundles. Efimov says that this is a mistake, and we should think of it as an invariant of large categories, like the category of quasicoherent sheaves. (Actually, one needs to work with the derived analogs of these, namely perfect complexes and derived quasi-coherent sheaves, but let me slough over this point for the purposes of this already too lengthy explanation...) Now, this seems like an academic distinction, because the small and large categories determine each other, via passing to Ind-objects in one direction and compact objects in the other. But the point is that there are large categories which are not Ind-categories of small categories, but for which algebraic K-theory can still, magically, be defined, and with basically all the same formal properties as in the more restrictive classical context. These are the so-called dualizable categories studied by Lurie. It turns out these things are everywhere once you know to look for them, and I think it's important to get very comfortable with these non-compactly generated beasts...
Anyway, there is such a dualizable, non-compactly generated category of topological $\mathbb{C}$-vector spaces, let's call it $Mod^{an}(\mathbb{C})$ (formally it is a certain full subcategory of derived condensed $\mathbb{C}$-vector spaces), and we can build a theory of (derived) quasicoherent sheaves on $X$ where all the underlying vector spaces are objects of $Mod^{an}(\mathbb{C})$ instead of usual (smaller) category of abstract $\mathbb{C}$-vector spaces. We take Efimov's K-theory of this quasicoherent sheaf category and call it $K^{an}(X)$. The last thing to explain is what this category $Mod^{an}(\mathbb{C})$ is. It turns out that it can be described from a classical functional analysis perspective: its basic objects (which generate everything under colimits inside derived condensed $\mathbb{C}$-vector spaces) are the sequential colimits of (say) Hilbert spaces along injective transition maps which are compact operators, with singular values decaying rapidly. This is a somewhat obscure class of dual Frechet spaces, but it really is completely forced on us by the abstract considerations of Efimov's theory, and I don't believe there's any other choice than this precise one which should work.
To sum up, we replace usual vector bundles by some more nebulous analytic beasts described using functional analysis, and the hope is that this change makes K-theory match the most refined cohomology theory coming from Hodge theory.
