This process will never explode an infinite number of primes (independent of $n$, $\alpha$, $\beta$).

Let $g_n$ denote the gap between the $n+1$-th and the $n$-th prime. It is known that $g_n/\log n$ is unbounded; indeed by a result of Rankin there is an infinitude such that this is larger than $$\frac{c \log \log n \log \log \log \log n }{ \log \log \log n}$$ for an explicty $c$; see the wikipedia page on prime gaps for additional details.

Yet the largest number one can reach from the $n$-th prime (or any prime before) with the given rules is $p_n + \beta \log p_n$. Since $p_n$ is asymptotically $n \log n$ its logarithm is of order $\log n$. So the largest number one can reach is bounded above by $p_n + \gamma \log n$ for some $\gamma$ independent of $n$.

Yet, by the above mentioned result on prime gaps there are primes for which the next largest prime will be graeter than $p_n + \delta \log n$ for any $\delta$. Since one can never bridge a gap with a $\delta$ greater than the $\gamma$; the process can at most explode all the primes before such a gap, appearing after the starting value. That is, at most finitely many.

Addition for added Q2: First a partial summary of comments, in view of the above a minimal requirement for such a process to have the potential to go on indefinitely is that the range will exceed the maximal (relative) size of prime gaps. While conjecturally their size should (only) be of order $(\log x)^2$ (for numbers of size $x$), the best known upper bounds are much weaker, namely asymptotically $x^{6/11 + \epsilon}$ for every positive $\epsilon$.

Now, for the actual Q2, I am not completely sure what is asked regarding 'probabilty', and I am not well placed to comment on this 'probabilty' aspect either. If the range is large enough to bridge all the gaps and the number of newly created explosions is not too small (but even more than one seems sufficient) it is possible that some instance of the process explodes all primes. Yet no matter the choices at each step there is a positive probabilty that the process stops at that step. Yet, perhaps, the question when there is a positive porobability that everything explodes is intended. As said I am not well placed to say something on this.

This process will never explode an infinite number of primes (independent of $n$, $\alpha$, $\beta$).

Let $g_n$ denote the gap between the $n+1$-th and the $n$-th prime. It is known that $g_n/\log n$ is unbounded; indeed by a result of Rankin there is an infinitude such that this is larger than $$\frac{c \log \log n \log \log \log \log n }{ \log \log \log n}$$ for an explicty $c$; see the wikipedia page on prime gaps for additional details.

Yet the largest number one can reach from the $n$-th prime (or any prime before) with the given rules is $p_n + \beta \log p_n$. Since $p_n$ is asymptotically $n \log n$ its logarithm is of order $\log n$. So the largest number one can reach is bounded above by $p_n + \gamma \log n$ for some $\gamma$ independent of $n$.

Yet, by the above mentioned result on prime gaps there are primes for which the next largest prime will be graeter than $p_n + \delta \log n$ for any $\delta$. Since one can never bridge a gap with a $\delta$ greater than the $\gamma$; the process can at most explode all the primes before such a gap, appearing after the starting value. That is, at most finitely many.

Addition for added Q2: First a partial summary of comments, in view of the above a minimal requirement for such a process to have the potential to go on indefinitely is that the range will exceed the maximal (relative) size of prime gaps. While conjecturally their size should (only) be of order $(\log x)^2$ (for numbers of size $x$), the best known upper bounds are much weaker, namely asymptotically $x^{6/11 + \epsilon}$ for every positive $\epsilon$.

Now, for the actual Q2, I am not completely sure what is asked regarding 'probabilty', and I am not well placed to comment on this 'probabilty' aspect either. If the range is large enough to bridge all the gaps and the number of newly created explosions is not too small (but even more than one seems sufficient) it is possible that some instance of the process explodes all primes; always explode just the next largest prime (and also the next smallest if one started in the middle) but nothing else. Yet no matter the choices at each step there is a positive probabilty that the process stops at that step. Yet, perhaps, the question when there is a positive porobability that everything explodes is intended. As said I am not well placed to say something on this.

This process will never explode an infinite number of primes (independent of $n$, $\alpha$, $\beta$).

Let $g_n$ denote the gap between the $n+1$-th and the $n$-th prime. It is known that $g_n/\log n$ is unbounded; indeed by a result of Rankin there is an infinitude such that this is larger than $$\frac{c \log \log n \log \log \log \log n }{ \log \log \log n}$$ for an explicty $c$; see the wikipedia page on prime gaps for additional details.

Yet the largest number one can reach from the $n$-th prime (or any prime before) with the given rules is $p_n + \beta \log p_n$. Since $p_n$ is asymptotically $n \log n$ its logarithm is of order $\log n$. So the largest number one can reach is bounded above by $p_n + \gamma \log n$ for some $\gamma$ independent of $n$.

Yet, by the above mentioned result on prime gaps there are primes for which the next largest prime will be graeter than $p_n + \delta \log n$ for any $\delta$. So one can never bridge such a gap; and the process can at most explode all the primes before this gap, that is finitely many.

This process will never explode an infinite number of primes (independent of $n$, $\alpha$, $\beta$).

Let $g_n$ denote the gap between the $n+1$-th and the $n$-th prime. It is known that $g_n/\log n$ is unbounded; indeed by a result of Rankin there is an infinitude such that this is larger than $$\frac{c \log \log n \log \log \log \log n }{ \log \log \log n}$$ for an explicty $c$; see the wikipedia page on prime gaps for additional details.

Yet the largest number one can reach from the $n$-th prime (or any prime before) with the given rules is $p_n + \beta \log p_n$. Since $p_n$ is asymptotically $n \log n$ its logarithm is of order $\log n$. So the largest number one can reach is bounded above by $p_n + \gamma \log n$ for some $\gamma$ independent of $n$.

Yet, by the above mentioned result on prime gaps there are primes for which the next largest prime will be graeter than $p_n + \delta \log n$ for any $\delta$. Since one can never bridge a gap with a $\delta$ greater than the $\gamma$; the process can at most explode all the primes before such a gap, appearing after the starting value. That is, at most finitely many.

Addition for added Q2: First a partial summary of comments, in view of the above a minimal requirement for such a process to have the potential to go on indefinitely is that the range will exceed the maximal (relative) size of prime gaps. While conjecturally their size should (only) be of order $(\log x)^2$ (for numbers of size $x$), the best known upper bounds are much weaker, namely asymptotically $x^{6/11 + \epsilon}$ for every positive $\epsilon$.

Now, for the actual Q2, I am not completely sure what is asked regarding 'probabilty', and I am not well placed to comment on this 'probabilty' aspect either. If the range is large enough to bridge all the gaps and the number of newly created explosions is not too small (but even more than one seems sufficient) it is possible that some instance of the process explodes all primes. Yet no matter the choices at each step there is a positive probabilty that the process stops at that step. Yet, perhaps, the question when there is a positive porobability that everything explodes is intended. As said I am not well placed to say something on this.