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Apr 18, 2012 at 14:21 vote accept Hej
Apr 18, 2012 at 2:58 comment added Noam D. Elkies (And often there are also singular points whose resolution contributes to NS.)
Apr 18, 2012 at 2:46 comment added Noam D. Elkies It's mostly a surprisingly long collection of examples; I don't claim to have a structural "why". Heuristically what seems to happen is that — assuming the Diophantine equation is of the right dimension and complexity to yield a K3 surface in the first place — there's enough divisors coming from trivial solutions, and often enough symmetry, that there's barely enough room for the Néron-Severi lattice to accommodate them all under the constraint of rank at most $20$.
Apr 18, 2012 at 2:40 comment added Henry Cohn At an appropriate time, I'd love to hear the story of why natural Diophantine equations often give rise to K3 surfaces of maximal or nearly-maximal Picard number.
Apr 18, 2012 at 2:16 history answered Noam D. Elkies CC BY-SA 3.0