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Jan 19, 2012 at 0:32 comment added Ira Gessel The formula that Pemantle and Wilf attribute to Proctor is equivalent to a much older formula: the number of paths in the plane from the origin to the point $(a,b)$, where $a > pb$, that stay strictly below the line $x=py$, with steps $(1,0)$ and $(0,1$), is $$\frac{a-pb}{a+b}\binom{a+b}{a}.$$ This formula was apparently first stated by E. Barbier in 1887. A reference is Marc Renault, Four Proofs of the Ballot Theorem, Mathematics Magazine 80 (2007), 345--352; available online at webspace.ship.edu/msrenault/ballotproblem/….
Jan 18, 2012 at 21:48 vote accept Ralph
Jan 18, 2012 at 21:39 comment added Ralph Thanks for the link. Proctor's formula in the linear case is really helpful.
Jan 18, 2012 at 14:31 history answered William J. Keith CC BY-SA 3.0