The book Directional Statistics by Mardia and Jupp discusses concrete examples of distributions on:
- Surface of the unit hypersphere
- On Stiefel Manifolds
- Maybe some others
EDIT In particular, have a look at §13.4.2 that discusses distributions on more general manifolds (e.g., on compact Riemannian manifolds). That section also provides several useful references.
I also recalled another source that might be useful to you:
Matrix Variate Distributions by Gupta and Nagar. In particular, see chapter 8.