Here is a collection of what I have so far thanks to the answers by GuntramGuntram and S. CarnahanS. Carnahan. Let's denote by $P(n,m)$ the property that $|A^m| \le\binom{n+m-1}{m}$ for all subsets $|A|=n$.
We have that the only nonabelian $P(2,2)$ groups are of the form $Q_8\times G$ where $G$ is an elementary abelian 2-group, and that $P(3,2)$ groups have to be abelian by Freiman's paper "On two- and three-element subsets of groups""On two- and three-element subsets of groups".
In "A characterization of abelian groups""A characterization of abelian groups", Brailovsky proves that large enough $P(n,2)$ are abelian by showing that $P(n,2)\implies P(n',2)$ for all $n\geq n'\geq 2$, so that the result follows from the previous paragraph.
In "Small squaring and cubing properties for finite groups""Small squaring and cubing properties for finite groups", Berkovich, Freiman and Praeger prove that the only nonabelian group with $P(2,3)$ is $S_3$.
On the other hand there are nonabelian groups with $P(n,m)$ whenever $\binom{n+m-1}{m}\geq 2^{2n+1}$ as in Guntram's answerGuntram's answer.