Well, a lot of questions, some of which Theo already answered in a very nice way. Let me just give some additional remarks and hint how I think about DQ and Poisson geometry in relation to quantum physics.

the good replacement (in view of Gel'fand duality) of a point on phase space is a (pure) state on the quantum algebra. While for $C^\ast$-algebras this is standard lore  , in formal DQ things are sligtly more trickey: of course you can argue that a formal star product yields not yet a quantum observable algebra as $\hbar$ does not have a "value" (say $1$ in your favorite unit system), so you should postpone the question of states till when you reach a "convergent/strict" DQ. This is often possible but in general completely unknown. Surprisingly, there is a good notion of states already for formal star products: essentially the same definition applies, take positive functionals of the algebra $C^\infty(M)[[\hbar]]$ which are $\mathbb{C}[[\hbar]]$-linear and take values in $\mathbb{C}[[\hbar]]$. To define positivity you make use of the fact that $\mathbb{R}[[\hbar]]$ is an ordered ring. Then many techniques of $C^*$-algebra theory can be carried to this entirely algebraic framework. In fact, we have worked out many things like the GNS construction of representations etc.

Now the point is that a classically positive functional $\omega_0\colon C^\infty(M) \longrightarrow \mathbb{C}$ (which is a postiive Borel measure with compact support by a smooth version of Riesz' theorem) may no longer be positive with respect to a given star product $\star$. Thus you need to add higher order corrections $\omega = \omega_0 + \hbar\omega_1 + \cdots$ in order to gain positivity. It is a (quite non-trivial) theorem that this is always possible, even in a "differential" sense that all the higher orders are of the form $\omega_0 \circ D_r$ with some differential operator $D_r$.

a) Symmetries: whenever you have a classical symmetry encoded by a momentum map, then $\mathfrak{g}^\ast$ is a Poisson manifold. Quantizing a symmetry then amounts to quantize the momemtum map in an appropriate way. There are several competing definitions but essentially all involve a DQ of the linear Poisson structure on $\mathfrak{g}^*$.

c) Applications in NCG: many models of noncommutative space-times require more general Poisson structures to be quantized than just symplectic ones. It is even not clear that space-time allows for a symplectic structure at all, but it certainly carries interesting Poisson structures. In serious models of NC spacetimes, the Poisson structure itself should be treated as a dynamical quantity, i.e. a field. Then there is no reason why it should be degenerate everywhere. These models are of course all still very speculative...

d) Toy models: one can view complicated Poisson/symplectic manifolds as toy models for the infinite-dim phase spaces of classical field theories witgh gauge symmetries. here the true phase spaces are sort of Marsden-Weinstein quotients (in ugly infinite dimensions) which can have quite generic geometry. So one tries to learn something about their quantization by looking at finite-dim models having at least also a complicated geometry.

After what I said for the first question, this is now pretty clear and follows the same line of argument as in AQFT: Having the algebra of observables, one takes a look at all $^*$-representations on, say pre-Hilbert spaces, by means of a GNS construction. The notion of pre Hilbert space works very much the same for ordered rings like for $\mathbb{R}[[\hbar]]$. This has been worked out in detail in many places and gives indeed physically interesting results. The main advantage is now that one can take a look at different representations which can encode different physical situations...

Well, a lot of questions, some of which Theo already answered in a very nice way. Let me just give some additional remarks and hints how I think about DQ and Poisson geometry in relation to quantum physics.

the good replacement (in view of Gel'fand duality) of a point on phase space is a (pure) state on the quantum algebra. While for $C^\ast$-algebras this is standard lore, in formal DQ things are slightly more tricky: of course you can argue that a formal star product yields not yet a quantum observable algebra as $\hbar$ does not have a "value" (say $1$ in your favorite unit system), so you should postpone the question of states till when you reach a "convergent/strict" DQ. This is often possible but in general completely unknown. Surprisingly, there is a good notion of states already for formal star products: essentially the same definition applies, take positive functionals of the algebra $C^\infty(M)[[\hbar]]$ which are $\mathbb{C}[[\hbar]]$-linear and take values in $\mathbb{C}[[\hbar]]$. To define positivity you make use of the fact that $\mathbb{R}[[\hbar]]$ is an ordered ring. Then many techniques of $C^*$-algebra theory can be carried over to this entirely algebraic framework. In fact, we have worked out many things like the GNS construction of representations etc.

Now the point is that a classically positive functional $\omega_0\colon C^\infty(M) \longrightarrow \mathbb{C}$ (which is a positive Borel measure with compact support by a smooth version of Riesz' Theorem) may no longer be positive with respect to a given star product $\star$. Thus you need to add higher order corrections $\omega = \omega_0 + \hbar\omega_1 + \cdots$ in order to gain positivity. It is a (quite non-trivial) theorem that this is always possible, even in a "differential" sense that all the higher orders are of the form $\omega_0 \circ D_r$ with some differential operator $D_r$.

a) Symmetries: whenever you have a classical symmetry encoded by a momentum map, then $\mathfrak{g}^\ast$ is a Poisson manifold. Quantizing a symmetry then amounts to quantize the momentum map in an appropriate way. There are several competing definitions but essentially all involve a DQ of the linear Poisson structure on $\mathfrak{g}^*$.

c) Applications in NCG: many models of noncommutative space-times require more general Poisson structures to be quantized than just symplectic ones. It is even not clear that space-time allows for a symplectic structure at all, but it certainly carries interesting Poisson structures. In serious models of NC space-times, the Poisson structure itself should be treated as a dynamical quantity, i.e. a field. Then there is no reason why it should be non-degenerate everywhere. These models are of course all still very speculative...

d) Toy models: one can view complicated Poisson/symplectic manifolds as toy models for the infinite-dimensional phase spaces of classical field theories with gauge symmetries. Here the true phase spaces are sort of Marsden-Weinstein quotients (in ugly infinite dimensions) which can have quite generic geometry. So one tries to learn something about their quantization by looking at finite-dim models having at least also a complicated geometry.

After what I said for the first question, this is now pretty clear and follows the same line of argument as in AQFT: Having the algebra of observables, one takes a look at all $^*$-representations on, say pre-Hilbert spaces, by means of a GNS construction. The notion of pre Hilbert space works very much the same for ordered rings like $\mathbb{R}[[\hbar]]$. This has been worked out in detail in many places and gives indeed physically interesting results. The main advantage is now that one can take a look at different representations which can encode different physical situations...