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May 18, 2016 at 20:53 comment added Pax There are two extensions given by $0\to \mathbb{Z}/(2)\to \mathbb{Z}/(4)\to \mathbb{Z}/(2)\to 0$ and the trivial one. Thus the extensions is isomorphic to one of these two, and $G=\mathbb{Z}/(2)^2, \mathbb{Z}/(4)$, which are abelian by computation.
May 18, 2016 at 20:53 comment added Pax There is a more convoluted version of this fact. Assume that $G$ is nonabelian. Since it is a $p$-group, it has a nontrivial center, which must be $\mathbb{Z}/(2)$. This is normal, so we have an extension $1\to \mathbb{Z}/(2)\to G\to \mathbb{Z}/(2)\to 1$, and so an element of $H^2(\mathbb{Z}/(2), \mathbb{Z}/(2))=H^1(B\mathbb{Z}/(2); \mathbb{Z}/(2))=H^1(\mathbb{R}P^{\infty}; \mathbb{Z}/(2))=\mathbb{Z}/(2)$.
Jan 6, 2014 at 20:52 history edited Ant CC BY-SA 3.0
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Jun 25, 2013 at 3:02 review Late answers
Jun 25, 2013 at 12:07
Dec 21, 2012 at 18:33 comment added David Corwin When I first learned character theory, I asked if one could prove the four-square theorem by exhibiting a group of every order with exactly four conjugacy classes. While it became obvious a second later that this was only a fantasy, I'm excited that someone else thought of the relation between character theory and the four-square theorem!
Aug 20, 2012 at 9:32 comment added James Cranch No, Ostap. In general, there is not a group for every way of writing $n$ as a sum of squares. Indeed, every group of order 17 is abelian too, but $17 = 1^2 + 4^2 = 1^2 + \cdots + 1^2$.
Aug 20, 2012 at 1:10 comment added Todd Trimble Well, 4 is already the sum of one square. To complete the proof, one should say "the only way to write 4 as a sum of squares, one of which is 1, coming from the trivial representation, is..."
May 17, 2012 at 8:53 comment added Ostap Chervak I guess, you can make it more striking: "Using character theory, since any group of order 4 is abelian hence the only way to write 3 as a sum of squares is 3 =1^2 + 1^2+ 1^2" Right?
Jan 29, 2011 at 4:26 comment added Harry Altman Well, any way that includes the required one copy of 1^2. Otherwise 2^2 would be a possibility...
Jan 29, 2011 at 3:00 history answered William Hale CC BY-SA 2.5