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Iosif Pinelis
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$\newcommand{\ep}{\varepsilon}\newcommand{\de}{\delta}$$\newcommand{\ep}{\varepsilon}\newcommand{\de}{\delta}\newcommand{\al}{\alpha}\newcommand{\be}{\beta}$Note that \begin{equation*} 4c_{m,n}^2=\max_{t\in[0,\pi]}f(t), \tag{10}\label{10} \end{equation*}\begin{equation*} c_{m,n}^2=\max_{t\in[0,\pi]}f(t), \tag{10}\label{10} \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} f(t):=f_{m,n}(t):=(1-\cos2mt)(1-\cos2nt). \tag{20}\label{20} \end{equation*}\begin{equation*} f(t):=f_{m,n}(t):=\tfrac14\,(1-\cos2mt)(1-\cos2nt). \tag{20}\label{20} \end{equation*} Next, if $\frac{2i+1}{m}=\frac{2j+1}{n}$ for some integers $i$ and $j$, then the even number $(2i+1)n$ equals the odd number $(2j+1)m$, a contradiction. Also, the smallest common denominator for the fractions $\frac{2i+1}{m}$ and $\frac{2j+1}{n}$ is $mn/d$, where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$. So, for any integers $i$ and $j$, \begin{equation*} \Big|\frac{2i+1}{2m}\,\pi-\frac{2j+1}{2n}\,\pi\Big|\ge h:=\frac\pi{2mn/d}\in(0,\pi/2]. \tag{30}\label{30} \end{equation*}

Take any $t\in[0,\pi]$. Then \begin{equation*} t\in I\cap J, \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} I:=\pi[\tfrac{2a-1}{2m},\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}],\quad J:=\pi[\tfrac{2b-1}{2n},\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}] \end{equation*} for some $a\in\{0,\dots,m\}$ and $b\in\{0,\dots,n\}$, so that $|2mt-2\pi a|\le\pi$ and $|2nt-2\pi b|\le\pi$.
Letting \begin{equation*} \ep:=\pi-|2mt-2\pi a|\in[0,\pi],\quad\de:=\pi-|2nt-2\pi b|\in[0,\pi], \tag{40}\label{40} \end{equation*} we get 
\begin{equation*} t\in\{\tfrac{2a-1}{2m}+\ep,\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}-\ep\}\cap \{\tfrac{2b-1}{2n}+\de,\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}-\de\}. \end{equation*}\begin{equation*} t=\pi\tfrac{2a+\al}{2m}-\al\tfrac\ep{2m}=\pi\tfrac{2b+\be}{2n}-\be\tfrac\de{2n} \end{equation*} for some $\al$ and $\be$ in the set $\{-1,1\}$. So, by \eqref{30} and the triangle inequality, \begin{equation} \ep+\de\ge h. \tag{50}\label{50} \end{equation}\begin{equation*} h\le\pi|\tfrac{2a+\al}{2m}-\tfrac{2b+\be}{2n}|=|\al\tfrac\ep{2m}-\be\tfrac\de{2n}| \le\tfrac\ep{2m}+\tfrac\de{2n}, \end{equation*} so that \begin{equation*} \frac\ep{2m}+\frac\de{2n}\ge h. \tag{50}\label{50} \end{equation*} Using now the inequality \begin{equation*} 1-\cos u\le2-c(\pi-|u|)^2 \end{equation*}\begin{equation*} 1-\cos u\le2-2(1-|u|/\pi)^2 \end{equation*} for \begin{equation*} c:=2/\pi^2 \end{equation*} and $|u|\le\pi$, and recalling \eqref{40} and \eqref{50} and the $\in$ relation in \eqref{30}, we see that \begin{equation*} f(t)=(2-c\ep^2)(2-c\de^2)\le4-2(h/\pi)^2-(h/\pi)^4/4\le4-(31/64)(h/\pi)^2. \end{equation*}\begin{equation*} f(t)\le(1-\ep^2/\pi^2)(1-\de^2/\pi^2)\le\exp-\frac{\ep^2+\de^2}{\pi^2} \\ \le\exp-\frac{4h^2m^2n^2}{\pi^2(m^2+n^2)}=\exp-\frac{d^2}{m^2+n^2}. \end{equation*} Thus, by \eqref{10} and \eqref{30}, \begin{equation} c_{m,n}\le\sqrt{1-\frac{31}{256(mn/d)^2}}, \end{equation}\begin{equation*} c_{m,n}\le\exp-\frac{d^2}{2(m^2+n^2)}, \end{equation*} where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$.

$\newcommand{\ep}{\varepsilon}\newcommand{\de}{\delta}$Note that \begin{equation*} 4c_{m,n}^2=\max_{t\in[0,\pi]}f(t), \tag{10}\label{10} \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} f(t):=f_{m,n}(t):=(1-\cos2mt)(1-\cos2nt). \tag{20}\label{20} \end{equation*} Next, if $\frac{2i+1}{m}=\frac{2j+1}{n}$ for some integers $i$ and $j$, then the even number $(2i+1)n$ equals the odd number $(2j+1)m$, a contradiction. Also, the smallest common denominator for the fractions $\frac{2i+1}{m}$ and $\frac{2j+1}{n}$ is $mn/d$, where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$. So, for any integers $i$ and $j$, \begin{equation*} \Big|\frac{2i+1}{2m}\,\pi-\frac{2j+1}{2n}\,\pi\Big|\ge h:=\frac\pi{2mn/d}\in(0,\pi/2]. \tag{30}\label{30} \end{equation*}

Take any $t\in[0,\pi]$. Then \begin{equation*} t\in I\cap J, \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} I:=\pi[\tfrac{2a-1}{2m},\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}],\quad J:=\pi[\tfrac{2b-1}{2n},\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}] \end{equation*} for some $a\in\{0,\dots,m\}$ and $b\in\{0,\dots,n\}$, so that $|2mt-2\pi a|\le\pi$ and $|2nt-2\pi b|\le\pi$.
Letting \begin{equation*} \ep:=\pi-|2mt-2\pi a|\in[0,\pi],\quad\de:=\pi-|2nt-2\pi b|\in[0,\pi], \tag{40}\label{40} \end{equation*} we get \begin{equation*} t\in\{\tfrac{2a-1}{2m}+\ep,\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}-\ep\}\cap \{\tfrac{2b-1}{2n}+\de,\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}-\de\}. \end{equation*} So, by \eqref{30} and the triangle inequality, \begin{equation} \ep+\de\ge h. \tag{50}\label{50} \end{equation} Using now the inequality \begin{equation*} 1-\cos u\le2-c(\pi-|u|)^2 \end{equation*} for \begin{equation*} c:=2/\pi^2 \end{equation*} and $|u|\le\pi$, and recalling \eqref{40} and \eqref{50} and the $\in$ relation in \eqref{30}, we see that \begin{equation*} f(t)=(2-c\ep^2)(2-c\de^2)\le4-2(h/\pi)^2-(h/\pi)^4/4\le4-(31/64)(h/\pi)^2. \end{equation*} Thus, by \eqref{10} and \eqref{30}, \begin{equation} c_{m,n}\le\sqrt{1-\frac{31}{256(mn/d)^2}}, \end{equation} where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$.

$\newcommand{\ep}{\varepsilon}\newcommand{\de}{\delta}\newcommand{\al}{\alpha}\newcommand{\be}{\beta}$Note that \begin{equation*} c_{m,n}^2=\max_{t\in[0,\pi]}f(t), \tag{10}\label{10} \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} f(t):=f_{m,n}(t):=\tfrac14\,(1-\cos2mt)(1-\cos2nt). \tag{20}\label{20} \end{equation*} Next, if $\frac{2i+1}{m}=\frac{2j+1}{n}$ for some integers $i$ and $j$, then the even number $(2i+1)n$ equals the odd number $(2j+1)m$, a contradiction. Also, the smallest common denominator for the fractions $\frac{2i+1}{m}$ and $\frac{2j+1}{n}$ is $mn/d$, where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$. So, for any integers $i$ and $j$, \begin{equation*} \Big|\frac{2i+1}{2m}\,\pi-\frac{2j+1}{2n}\,\pi\Big|\ge h:=\frac\pi{2mn/d}\in(0,\pi/2]. \tag{30}\label{30} \end{equation*}

Take any $t\in[0,\pi]$. Then \begin{equation*} t\in I\cap J, \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} I:=\pi[\tfrac{2a-1}{2m},\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}],\quad J:=\pi[\tfrac{2b-1}{2n},\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}] \end{equation*} for some $a\in\{0,\dots,m\}$ and $b\in\{0,\dots,n\}$, so that $|2mt-2\pi a|\le\pi$ and $|2nt-2\pi b|\le\pi$.
Letting \begin{equation*} \ep:=\pi-|2mt-2\pi a|\in[0,\pi],\quad\de:=\pi-|2nt-2\pi b|\in[0,\pi], \tag{40}\label{40} \end{equation*} we get 
\begin{equation*} t=\pi\tfrac{2a+\al}{2m}-\al\tfrac\ep{2m}=\pi\tfrac{2b+\be}{2n}-\be\tfrac\de{2n} \end{equation*} for some $\al$ and $\be$ in the set $\{-1,1\}$. So, by \eqref{30} and the triangle inequality, \begin{equation*} h\le\pi|\tfrac{2a+\al}{2m}-\tfrac{2b+\be}{2n}|=|\al\tfrac\ep{2m}-\be\tfrac\de{2n}| \le\tfrac\ep{2m}+\tfrac\de{2n}, \end{equation*} so that \begin{equation*} \frac\ep{2m}+\frac\de{2n}\ge h. \tag{50}\label{50} \end{equation*} Using now the inequality \begin{equation*} 1-\cos u\le2-2(1-|u|/\pi)^2 \end{equation*} for $|u|\le\pi$, and recalling \eqref{40} and \eqref{50}, we see that \begin{equation*} f(t)\le(1-\ep^2/\pi^2)(1-\de^2/\pi^2)\le\exp-\frac{\ep^2+\de^2}{\pi^2} \\ \le\exp-\frac{4h^2m^2n^2}{\pi^2(m^2+n^2)}=\exp-\frac{d^2}{m^2+n^2}. \end{equation*} Thus, by \eqref{10} and \eqref{30}, \begin{equation*} c_{m,n}\le\exp-\frac{d^2}{2(m^2+n^2)}, \end{equation*} where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$.

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Iosif Pinelis
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$\newcommand{\ep}{\varepsilon}\newcommand{\de}{\delta}$Note that \begin{equation*} 4c_{m,n}^2=\max_{t\in[0,\pi]}f(t), \tag{10}\label{10} \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} f(t):=f_{m,n}(t):=(1-\cos2mt)(1-\cos2nt). \tag{20}\label{20} \end{equation*} Next, if $\frac{2i+1}{m}=\frac{2j+1}{n}$ for some integers $i$ and $j$, then the even number $(2i+1)n$ equals the odd number $(2j+1)m$, a contradiction. Also, the greatestsmallest common denominator for the fractions $\frac{2i+1}{m}$ and $\frac{2j+1}{n}$ is $mn/d$, where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$. So, for any integers $i$ and $j$, \begin{equation*} \Big|\frac{2i+1}{m}\,\pi-\frac{2j+1}{2n}\,\pi\Big|\ge h:=\frac\pi{2mn/d}\in(0,\pi/2]. \tag{30}\label{30} \end{equation*}\begin{equation*} \Big|\frac{2i+1}{2m}\,\pi-\frac{2j+1}{2n}\,\pi\Big|\ge h:=\frac\pi{2mn/d}\in(0,\pi/2]. \tag{30}\label{30} \end{equation*}

Take any $t\in[0,\pi]$. Then \begin{equation*} t\in I\cap J, \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} I:=\pi[\tfrac{2a-1}{2m},\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}],\quad J:=\pi[\tfrac{2b-1}{2n},\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}] \end{equation*} for some $a\in\{0,\dots,m\}$ and $b\in\{0,\dots,n\}$, so that $|2mt-2\pi a|\le\pi$ and $|2nt-2\pi b|\le\pi$.
Letting \begin{equation*} \ep:=\pi-|2mt-2\pi a|\in[0,\pi],\quad\de:=\pi-|2nt-2\pi b|\in[0,\pi], \tag{40}\label{40} \end{equation*} we get \begin{equation*} t\in\{\tfrac{2a-1}{2m}+\ep,\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}-\ep\}\cap \{\tfrac{2b-1}{2n}+\de,\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}-\de\}. \end{equation*} So, by \eqref{30} and the triangle inequality, \begin{equation} \ep+\de\ge h. \tag{50}\label{50} \end{equation} Using now the inequality \begin{equation*} 1-\cos u\le2-c(\pi-|u|)^2 \end{equation*} for \begin{equation*} c:=2/\pi^2 \end{equation*} and $|u|\le\pi$, and recalling \eqref{40} and \eqref{50} and the $\in$ relation in \eqref{30}, we see that \begin{equation*} f(t)\le(2-c\ep^2)(2-c\de^2)\le4-2(h/\pi)^2-(h/\pi)^4/4\le4-(31/64)(h/\pi)^2. \end{equation*}\begin{equation*} f(t)=(2-c\ep^2)(2-c\de^2)\le4-2(h/\pi)^2-(h/\pi)^4/4\le4-(31/64)(h/\pi)^2. \end{equation*} Thus, by \eqref{10} and \eqref{30}, \begin{equation} c_{m,n}\le\sqrt{1-\frac{31}{256(mn/d)^2}}, \end{equation} where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$.

$\newcommand{\ep}{\varepsilon}\newcommand{\de}{\delta}$Note that \begin{equation*} 4c_{m,n}^2=\max_{t\in[0,\pi]}f(t), \tag{10}\label{10} \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} f(t):=f_{m,n}(t):=(1-\cos2mt)(1-\cos2nt). \tag{20}\label{20} \end{equation*} Next, if $\frac{2i+1}{m}=\frac{2j+1}{n}$ for some integers $i$ and $j$, then the even number $(2i+1)n$ equals the odd number $(2j+1)m$, a contradiction. Also, the greatest common denominator for the fractions $\frac{2i+1}{m}$ and $\frac{2j+1}{n}$ is $mn/d$, where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$. So, for any integers $i$ and $j$, \begin{equation*} \Big|\frac{2i+1}{m}\,\pi-\frac{2j+1}{2n}\,\pi\Big|\ge h:=\frac\pi{2mn/d}\in(0,\pi/2]. \tag{30}\label{30} \end{equation*}

Take any $t\in[0,\pi]$. Then \begin{equation*} t\in I\cap J, \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} I:=\pi[\tfrac{2a-1}{2m},\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}],\quad J:=\pi[\tfrac{2b-1}{2n},\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}] \end{equation*} for some $a\in\{0,\dots,m\}$ and $b\in\{0,\dots,n\}$, so that $|2mt-2\pi a|\le\pi$ and $|2nt-2\pi b|\le\pi$.
Letting \begin{equation*} \ep:=\pi-|2mt-2\pi a|\in[0,\pi],\quad\de:=\pi-|2nt-2\pi b|\in[0,\pi], \tag{40}\label{40} \end{equation*} we get \begin{equation*} t\in\{\tfrac{2a-1}{2m}+\ep,\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}-\ep\}\cap \{\tfrac{2b-1}{2n}+\de,\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}-\de\}. \end{equation*} So, by \eqref{30} and the triangle inequality, \begin{equation} \ep+\de\ge h. \tag{50}\label{50} \end{equation} Using now the inequality \begin{equation*} 1-\cos u\le2-c(\pi-|u|)^2 \end{equation*} for \begin{equation*} c:=2/\pi^2 \end{equation*} and $|u|\le\pi$, and recalling \eqref{40} and \eqref{50} and the $\in$ relation in \eqref{30}, we see that \begin{equation*} f(t)\le(2-c\ep^2)(2-c\de^2)\le4-2(h/\pi)^2-(h/\pi)^4/4\le4-(31/64)(h/\pi)^2. \end{equation*} Thus, by \eqref{10} and \eqref{30}, \begin{equation} c_{m,n}\le\sqrt{1-\frac{31}{256(mn/d)^2}}, \end{equation} where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$.

$\newcommand{\ep}{\varepsilon}\newcommand{\de}{\delta}$Note that \begin{equation*} 4c_{m,n}^2=\max_{t\in[0,\pi]}f(t), \tag{10}\label{10} \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} f(t):=f_{m,n}(t):=(1-\cos2mt)(1-\cos2nt). \tag{20}\label{20} \end{equation*} Next, if $\frac{2i+1}{m}=\frac{2j+1}{n}$ for some integers $i$ and $j$, then the even number $(2i+1)n$ equals the odd number $(2j+1)m$, a contradiction. Also, the smallest common denominator for the fractions $\frac{2i+1}{m}$ and $\frac{2j+1}{n}$ is $mn/d$, where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$. So, for any integers $i$ and $j$, \begin{equation*} \Big|\frac{2i+1}{2m}\,\pi-\frac{2j+1}{2n}\,\pi\Big|\ge h:=\frac\pi{2mn/d}\in(0,\pi/2]. \tag{30}\label{30} \end{equation*}

Take any $t\in[0,\pi]$. Then \begin{equation*} t\in I\cap J, \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} I:=\pi[\tfrac{2a-1}{2m},\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}],\quad J:=\pi[\tfrac{2b-1}{2n},\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}] \end{equation*} for some $a\in\{0,\dots,m\}$ and $b\in\{0,\dots,n\}$, so that $|2mt-2\pi a|\le\pi$ and $|2nt-2\pi b|\le\pi$.
Letting \begin{equation*} \ep:=\pi-|2mt-2\pi a|\in[0,\pi],\quad\de:=\pi-|2nt-2\pi b|\in[0,\pi], \tag{40}\label{40} \end{equation*} we get \begin{equation*} t\in\{\tfrac{2a-1}{2m}+\ep,\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}-\ep\}\cap \{\tfrac{2b-1}{2n}+\de,\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}-\de\}. \end{equation*} So, by \eqref{30} and the triangle inequality, \begin{equation} \ep+\de\ge h. \tag{50}\label{50} \end{equation} Using now the inequality \begin{equation*} 1-\cos u\le2-c(\pi-|u|)^2 \end{equation*} for \begin{equation*} c:=2/\pi^2 \end{equation*} and $|u|\le\pi$, and recalling \eqref{40} and \eqref{50} and the $\in$ relation in \eqref{30}, we see that \begin{equation*} f(t)=(2-c\ep^2)(2-c\de^2)\le4-2(h/\pi)^2-(h/\pi)^4/4\le4-(31/64)(h/\pi)^2. \end{equation*} Thus, by \eqref{10} and \eqref{30}, \begin{equation} c_{m,n}\le\sqrt{1-\frac{31}{256(mn/d)^2}}, \end{equation} where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$.

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Iosif Pinelis
  • 127.7k
  • 8
  • 107
  • 229

$\newcommand{\ep}{\varepsilon}\newcommand{\de}{\delta}$Note that \begin{equation*} 4c_{m,n}^2=\max_{t\in[0,\pi]}f(t), \tag{10}\label{10} \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} f(t):=f_{m,n}(t):=(1-\cos2mt)(1-\cos2nt). \tag{20}\label{20} \end{equation*} Next, if $\frac{2i+1}{m}=\frac{2j+1}{n}$ for some integers $i$ and $j$, then the even number $(2i+1)n$ equals the odd number $(2j+1)m$, a contradiction. Also, the greatest common denominator for the fractions $\frac{2i+1}{m}$ and $\frac{2j+1}{n}$ is $mn/d$, where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$. So, for any integers $i$ and $j$, \begin{equation*} \Big|\frac{2i+1}{m}\,\pi-\frac{2j+1}{2n}\,\pi\Big|\ge h:=\frac\pi{2mn/d}\in(0,\pi/2]. \tag{30}\label{30} \end{equation*}

Take any $t\in[0,\pi]$. Then \begin{equation*} t\in I\cap J, \end{equation*} where \begin{equation*} I:=\pi[\tfrac{2a-1}{2m},\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}],\quad J:=\pi[\tfrac{2b-1}{2n},\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}] \end{equation*} for some $a\in\{0,\dots,m\}$ and $b\in\{0,\dots,n\}$, so that $|2mt-2\pi a|\le\pi$ and $|2nt-2\pi b|\le\pi$.
Letting \begin{equation*} \ep:=\pi-|2mt-2\pi a|\in[0,\pi],\quad\de:=\pi-|2nt-2\pi b|\in[0,\pi], \tag{40}\label{40} \end{equation*} we get \begin{equation*} t\in\{\tfrac{2a-1}{2m}+\ep,\tfrac{2a+1}{2m}-\ep\}\cap \{\tfrac{2b-1}{2n}+\de,\tfrac{2b+1}{2n}-\de\}. \end{equation*} So, by \eqref{30} and the triangle inequality, \begin{equation} \ep+\de\ge h. \tag{50}\label{50} \end{equation} Using now the inequality \begin{equation*} 1-\cos u\le2-c(\pi-|u|)^2 \end{equation*} for \begin{equation*} c:=2/\pi^2 \end{equation*} and $|u|\le\pi$, and recalling \eqref{40} and \eqref{50} and the $\in$ relation in \eqref{30}, we see that \begin{equation*} f(t)\le(2-c\ep^2)(2-c\de^2)\le4-2(h/\pi)^2-(h/\pi)^4/4\le4-(31/64)(h/\pi)^2. \end{equation*} Thus, by \eqref{10} and \eqref{30}, \begin{equation} c_{m,n}\le\sqrt{1-\frac{31}{256(mn/d)^2}}, \end{equation} where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$.