What about the Baire category theorem? It implies that every complete metric space without isolated points is uncountable. But of course, every proof uses some construction or rather characterization of $\mathbb{R}$. I think Cantor's diagonal argument is not bad at all.

What about the Baire category theorem? It implies that every complete metric space without isolated points is uncountable. But of course, every proof uses some construction or rather characterization of $\mathbb{R}$. I think Cantor's diagonal argument is not bad at all.