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Feb 9 at 2:13 comment added GH from MO @ChristopheLeuridan There is a more direct proof: $(p-1)\dotsb (p-k)\equiv (-1)\dotsb(-k)=(-1)^k k!\pmod{p}$.
Feb 8 at 23:21 history became hot network question
Feb 8 at 20:17 vote accept Monk
Feb 8 at 15:54 history edited Alexey Ustinov
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Feb 8 at 15:54 answer added Alexey Ustinov timeline score: 7
Feb 8 at 15:47 comment added Monk Thank you for your advice @MichaelLugo. We are confident that something helpful and accurate will be written here within 24h.
Feb 8 at 15:35 comment added Monk Thank you @ChristopheLeuridan. It is so simple that its historical origin is very hard to find.
Feb 8 at 15:25 comment added Christophe Leuridan A more known result is that $p$ divides $\binom{p}{k}$ whenever $1 \le k \le p-1$. The congruence you give is a simple consequence (by recursion on $k$), thanks to the recursion relation satisfied by binomial coefficients. So Pascal probably knew it.
Feb 8 at 15:25 comment added Michael Lugo If you don't get an answer here you might try hsm.stackexchange.com
Feb 8 at 15:21 history asked Monk CC BY-SA 4.0