Skip to main content
Rollback to Revision 6
Source Link
Iosif Pinelis
  • 127.7k
  • 8
  • 107
  • 229

Can the equation $1+z+z^2=z^n$ for natural $n$ have multiple complex roots $z$?

CanThe question is stated in the equation $1+z+z^2=z^n$ for natural $n$ have multiple complex roots $z$?title of this post.

It is easy to see that, if $z$ is a multiple root of $p_n(z):=1+z+z^2-z^n$, then $(n-2)z^2+(n-1)z+n=0$, so that we can successively express $z^2,\dots,z^n$ as affine functions of $z$, but the expressions seem hard to analyze.

Trying to use the discriminant of $p_n$ and letting $$d_n:=(-1)^{n (n - 1)/2} (-1)^{n - 1}\,\text{discriminant}(p_n),$$ we get $$(d_1,\dots,d_{15})=(-4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719, 442321436, 10095992037, 254419300556, 9827983382723, 304507125159644, 10182574354147897, 472932455198902268).$$

There is nothing in the OEIS on $$4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719$$ or on $$1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719.$$


Shown here are the roots of $p_{30}$ and the unit circle in $\mathbb C$:

enter image description here

Can the equation $1+z+z^2=z^n$ have multiple complex roots?

Can the equation $1+z+z^2=z^n$ for natural $n$ have multiple complex roots $z$?

It is easy to see that, if $z$ is a multiple root of $p_n(z):=1+z+z^2-z^n$, then $(n-2)z^2+(n-1)z+n=0$, so that we can successively express $z^2,\dots,z^n$ as affine functions of $z$, but the expressions seem hard to analyze.

Trying to use the discriminant of $p_n$ and letting $$d_n:=(-1)^{n (n - 1)/2} (-1)^{n - 1}\,\text{discriminant}(p_n),$$ we get $$(d_1,\dots,d_{15})=(-4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719, 442321436, 10095992037, 254419300556, 9827983382723, 304507125159644, 10182574354147897, 472932455198902268).$$

There is nothing in the OEIS on $$4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719$$ or on $$1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719.$$


Shown here are the roots of $p_{30}$ and the unit circle in $\mathbb C$:

enter image description here

Can the equation $1+z+z^2=z^n$ for natural $n$ have multiple complex roots $z$?

The question is stated in the title of this post.

It is easy to see that, if $z$ is a multiple root of $p_n(z):=1+z+z^2-z^n$, then $(n-2)z^2+(n-1)z+n=0$, so that we can successively express $z^2,\dots,z^n$ as affine functions of $z$, but the expressions seem hard to analyze.

Trying to use the discriminant of $p_n$ and letting $$d_n:=(-1)^{n (n - 1)/2} (-1)^{n - 1}\,\text{discriminant}(p_n),$$ we get $$(d_1,\dots,d_{15})=(-4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719, 442321436, 10095992037, 254419300556, 9827983382723, 304507125159644, 10182574354147897, 472932455198902268).$$

There is nothing in the OEIS on $$4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719$$ or on $$1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719.$$


Shown here are the roots of $p_{30}$ and the unit circle in $\mathbb C$:

enter image description here

moved question to body
Source Link
YCor
  • 63.9k
  • 5
  • 187
  • 286

Can the equation $1+z+z^2=z^n$ for natural $n$ have multiple complex roots $z$?

The question is stated inCan the title of this post.equation $1+z+z^2=z^n$ for natural $n$ have multiple complex roots $z$?

It is easy to see that, if $z$ is a multiple root of $p_n(z):=1+z+z^2-z^n$, then $(n-2)z^2+(n-1)z+n=0$, so that we can successively express $z^2,\dots,z^n$ as affine functions of $z$, but the expressions seem hard to analyze.

Trying to use the discriminant of $p_n$ and letting $$d_n:=(-1)^{n (n - 1)/2} (-1)^{n - 1}\,\text{discriminant}(p_n),$$ we get $$(d_1,\dots,d_{15})=(-4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719, 442321436, 10095992037, 254419300556, 9827983382723, 304507125159644, 10182574354147897, 472932455198902268).$$

There is nothing in the OEIS on $$4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719$$ or on $$1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719.$$


Shown here are the roots of $p_{30}$ and the unit circle in $\mathbb C$:

enter image description here

Can the equation $1+z+z^2=z^n$ for natural $n$ have multiple complex roots $z$?

The question is stated in the title of this post.

It is easy to see that, if $z$ is a multiple root of $p_n(z):=1+z+z^2-z^n$, then $(n-2)z^2+(n-1)z+n=0$, so that we can successively express $z^2,\dots,z^n$ as affine functions of $z$, but the expressions seem hard to analyze.

Trying to use the discriminant of $p_n$ and letting $$d_n:=(-1)^{n (n - 1)/2} (-1)^{n - 1}\,\text{discriminant}(p_n),$$ we get $$(d_1,\dots,d_{15})=(-4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719, 442321436, 10095992037, 254419300556, 9827983382723, 304507125159644, 10182574354147897, 472932455198902268).$$

There is nothing in the OEIS on $$4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719$$ or on $$1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719.$$


Shown here are the roots of $p_{30}$ and the unit circle in $\mathbb C$:

enter image description here

Can the equation $1+z+z^2=z^n$ have multiple complex roots?

Can the equation $1+z+z^2=z^n$ for natural $n$ have multiple complex roots $z$?

It is easy to see that, if $z$ is a multiple root of $p_n(z):=1+z+z^2-z^n$, then $(n-2)z^2+(n-1)z+n=0$, so that we can successively express $z^2,\dots,z^n$ as affine functions of $z$, but the expressions seem hard to analyze.

Trying to use the discriminant of $p_n$ and letting $$d_n:=(-1)^{n (n - 1)/2} (-1)^{n - 1}\,\text{discriminant}(p_n),$$ we get $$(d_1,\dots,d_{15})=(-4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719, 442321436, 10095992037, 254419300556, 9827983382723, 304507125159644, 10182574354147897, 472932455198902268).$$

There is nothing in the OEIS on $$4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719$$ or on $$1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719.$$


Shown here are the roots of $p_{30}$ and the unit circle in $\mathbb C$:

enter image description here

deleted 2 characters in body
Source Link
Iosif Pinelis
  • 127.7k
  • 8
  • 107
  • 229

The question is stated in the title of this post.

It is easy to see that, if $z$ is a multiple root of $p_n(z):=1+z+z^2-z^n$, then $(n-2)z^2+(n-1)z+n=0$, so that we can successively express $z^2,\dots,z^n$ as rationalaffine functions of $z$, but the expressions seem hard to analyze.

Trying to use the discriminant of $p_n$ and letting $$d_n:=(-1)^{n (n - 1)/2} (-1)^{n - 1}\,\text{discriminant}(p_n),$$ we get $$(d_1,\dots,d_{15})=(-4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719, 442321436, 10095992037, 254419300556, 9827983382723, 304507125159644, 10182574354147897, 472932455198902268).$$

There is nothing in the OEIS on $$4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719$$ or on $$1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719.$$


Shown here are the roots of $p_{30}$ and the unit circle in $\mathbb C$:

enter image description here

The question is stated in the title of this post.

It is easy to see that, if $z$ is a multiple root of $p_n(z):=1+z+z^2-z^n$, then $(n-2)z^2+(n-1)z+n=0$, so that we can successively express $z^2,\dots,z^n$ as rational functions of $z$, but the expressions seem hard to analyze.

Trying to use the discriminant of $p_n$ and letting $$d_n:=(-1)^{n (n - 1)/2} (-1)^{n - 1}\,\text{discriminant}(p_n),$$ we get $$(d_1,\dots,d_{15})=(-4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719, 442321436, 10095992037, 254419300556, 9827983382723, 304507125159644, 10182574354147897, 472932455198902268).$$

There is nothing in the OEIS on $$4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719$$ or on $$1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719.$$


Shown here are the roots of $p_{30}$ and the unit circle in $\mathbb C$:

enter image description here

The question is stated in the title of this post.

It is easy to see that, if $z$ is a multiple root of $p_n(z):=1+z+z^2-z^n$, then $(n-2)z^2+(n-1)z+n=0$, so that we can successively express $z^2,\dots,z^n$ as affine functions of $z$, but the expressions seem hard to analyze.

Trying to use the discriminant of $p_n$ and letting $$d_n:=(-1)^{n (n - 1)/2} (-1)^{n - 1}\,\text{discriminant}(p_n),$$ we get $$(d_1,\dots,d_{15})=(-4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719, 442321436, 10095992037, 254419300556, 9827983382723, 304507125159644, 10182574354147897, 472932455198902268).$$

There is nothing in the OEIS on $$4, 1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719$$ or on $$1, 44, 279, 2300, 57425, 841436, 14201719.$$


Shown here are the roots of $p_{30}$ and the unit circle in $\mathbb C$:

enter image description here

added 1 character in body
Source Link
Iosif Pinelis
  • 127.7k
  • 8
  • 107
  • 229
Loading
added 171 characters in body
Source Link
Iosif Pinelis
  • 127.7k
  • 8
  • 107
  • 229
Loading
added 118 characters in body
Source Link
Iosif Pinelis
  • 127.7k
  • 8
  • 107
  • 229
Loading
added 138 characters in body; edited title
Source Link
Iosif Pinelis
  • 127.7k
  • 8
  • 107
  • 229
Loading
Source Link
Iosif Pinelis
  • 127.7k
  • 8
  • 107
  • 229
Loading