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Changes the definition of a Schreier graph so that it agrees with a covering
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Luc Guyot
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Definition. Let $G$ be a free group with basis $S$ and let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. The Schreier coset graph $\operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ of $G$ in $H$ with respect to $S$ is the directed and labelled graphmulti-graph whose vertices are the right cosets $Hg$ for $g \in G$ and there is an edge labelled by $s$ from $Hg$ to $Hgs$ for every $g \in G$ and $s \in S$ (distinct labels yield distinct edges).

Proof of the Claim. We can assume, without loss of generality, that $G$ is a free group with basis $S$. By [1, Proposition III.3.1], the subgroup $H$ identifies with the fundamental group of $\Gamma = \operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ with base point $H = H \cdot 1$. Let $T$ be an affluent spanning tree of $\Gamma$ rooted at $H$ given by Lemma 2. For $v$ a vertex of $\Gamma$, we denote by $p_v$ the unique directed path joining $H$ to $v$ within $T$. Then $H$ is generated by the homotopy classes of the loops $\gamma(Hg, s) = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot p_{Hgs}^{-1}$ with $g \in G$ [1, Proof of Proposition III.2.1]. Now let $q_{Hg}$$q_{s, Hg}$ denote a directed path from $Hgs$ to $Hg$ in $\Gamma$ of length at most $d - 1$. Then $H$ is also generated by the loops $\gamma(Hg, s) \cdot p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{Hg} = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot q_{Hg}$$\gamma(Hg, s) \cdot p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{s,Hg} = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot q_{s,Hg}$ and $p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{Hg}$$p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{s, Hg}$ for $g \in G, s \in S$. As the latter generators are words over $S$ of length at most $2d - 1$, the proof is complete.

Definition. Let $G$ be a free group with basis $S$ and let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. The Schreier coset graph $\operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ of $G$ in $H$ with respect to $S$ is the directed and labelled graph whose vertices are the right cosets $Hg$ for $g \in G$ and there is an edge labelled by $s$ from $Hg$ to $Hgs$ for every $g \in G$ and $s \in S$ (distinct labels yield distinct edges).

Proof of the Claim. We can assume, without loss of generality, that $G$ is a free group with basis $S$. By [1, Proposition III.3.1], the subgroup $H$ identifies with the fundamental group of $\Gamma = \operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ with base point $H = H \cdot 1$. Let $T$ be an affluent spanning tree of $\Gamma$ rooted at $H$ given by Lemma 2. For $v$ a vertex of $\Gamma$, we denote by $p_v$ the unique directed path joining $H$ to $v$ within $T$. Then $H$ is generated by the homotopy classes of the loops $\gamma(Hg, s) = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot p_{Hgs}^{-1}$ with $g \in G$ [1, Proof of Proposition III.2.1]. Now let $q_{Hg}$ denote a directed path from $Hgs$ to $Hg$ in $\Gamma$ of length at most $d - 1$. Then $H$ is also generated by the loops $\gamma(Hg, s) \cdot p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{Hg} = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot q_{Hg}$ and $p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{Hg}$ for $g \in G, s \in S$. As the latter generators are words over $S$ of length at most $2d - 1$, the proof is complete.

Definition. Let $G$ be a free group with basis $S$ and let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. The Schreier coset graph $\operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ of $G$ in $H$ with respect to $S$ is the directed and labelled multi-graph whose vertices are the right cosets $Hg$ for $g \in G$ and there is an edge labelled by $s$ from $Hg$ to $Hgs$ for every $g \in G$ and $s \in S$ (distinct labels yield distinct edges).

Proof of the Claim. We can assume, without loss of generality, that $G$ is a free group with basis $S$. By [1, Proposition III.3.1], the subgroup $H$ identifies with the fundamental group of $\Gamma = \operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ with base point $H = H \cdot 1$. Let $T$ be an affluent spanning tree of $\Gamma$ rooted at $H$ given by Lemma 2. For $v$ a vertex of $\Gamma$, we denote by $p_v$ the unique directed path joining $H$ to $v$ within $T$. Then $H$ is generated by the homotopy classes of the loops $\gamma(Hg, s) = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot p_{Hgs}^{-1}$ with $g \in G$ [1, Proof of Proposition III.2.1]. Now let $q_{s, Hg}$ denote a directed path from $Hgs$ to $Hg$ in $\Gamma$ of length at most $d - 1$. Then $H$ is also generated by the loops $\gamma(Hg, s) \cdot p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{s,Hg} = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot q_{s,Hg}$ and $p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{s, Hg}$ for $g \in G, s \in S$. As the latter generators are words over $S$ of length at most $2d - 1$, the proof is complete.

Changes the definition of a Schreier graph so that it agrees with a covering
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Luc Guyot
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Definition. Let $G$ be a free group with basis $S$ and let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. The Schreier coset graph $\operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ of $G$ in $H$ with respect to $S$ is the directed and labelled graph whose vertices are the right cosets $Hg$ for $g \in G$ and whose edges are the pairsthere is an edge labelled by $(Hg, Hgs)$ with$s$ from $Hg$ to $Hgs$ for every $g \in G$ and $s \in S$. We say that $s$ is a label of the edge $(Hg, Hgs)$(distinct labels yield distinct edges).

The above definition almost coincidesagrees with the covering of a bouquet of circles labelled by the elements of $S$ which is considered in the proof of [2, Lemma 3.4]. If we consider, instead of a graph, the multigraph for which distinct labels yields a distinct edges, then the definitions coincide.

Proof of the Claim. We can assume, without loss of generality, that $G$ is a free group with basis $S$. By [1, Proposition III.3.1], the subgroup $H$ identifies with the fundamental group of $\Gamma = \operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ with base point $H = H \cdot 1$. Let $T$ be an affluent spanning tree of $\Gamma$ rooted at $H$ given by Lemma 2. For $v$ a vertex of $\Gamma$, we denote by $p_v$ the unique directed path joining $H$ to $v$ within $T$. Then $H$ is generated by the homotopy classes of the loops $\gamma(Hg, s) = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot p_{Hgs}^{-1}$ with $g \in G$ [1, Proof of Proposition III.2.1]. Now let $q_{Hg}$ denote a directed path from $Hgs$ to $Hg$ in $\Gamma$ of length at most $d$$d - 1$. Then $H$ is also generated by the loops $\gamma(Hg, s) \cdot p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{Hg} = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot q_{Hg}$ and $p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{Hg}$ for $g \in G, s \in S$. As the latter generators are words over $S$ of length at most $2d - 1$, the proof is complete.

Definition. Let $G$ be a free group with basis $S$ and let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. The Schreier coset graph $\operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ of $G$ in $H$ with respect to $S$ is the directed and labelled graph whose vertices are the right cosets $Hg$ for $g \in G$ and whose edges are the pairs $(Hg, Hgs)$ with $g \in G$ and $s \in S$. We say that $s$ is a label of the edge $(Hg, Hgs)$.

The above definition almost coincides with the covering of a bouquet of circles labelled by the elements of $S$ considered in the proof of [2, Lemma 3.4]. If we consider, instead of a graph, the multigraph for which distinct labels yields a distinct edges, then the definitions coincide.

Proof of the Claim. We can assume, without loss of generality, that $G$ is a free group with basis $S$. By [1, Proposition III.3.1], the subgroup $H$ identifies with the fundamental group of $\Gamma = \operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ with base point $H = H \cdot 1$. Let $T$ be an affluent spanning tree of $\Gamma$ rooted at $H$ given by Lemma 2. For $v$ a vertex of $\Gamma$, we denote by $p_v$ the unique directed path joining $H$ to $v$ within $T$. Then $H$ is generated by the homotopy classes of the loops $\gamma(Hg, s) = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot p_{Hgs}^{-1}$ with $g \in G$ [1, Proof of Proposition III.2.1]. Now let $q_{Hg}$ denote a directed path from $Hgs$ to $Hg$ in $\Gamma$ of length at most $d$. Then $H$ is also generated by the loops $\gamma(Hg, s) \cdot p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{Hg} = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot q_{Hg}$ and $p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{Hg}$ for $g \in G, s \in S$. As the latter generators are words over $S$ of length at most $2d - 1$, the proof is complete.

Definition. Let $G$ be a free group with basis $S$ and let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. The Schreier coset graph $\operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ of $G$ in $H$ with respect to $S$ is the directed and labelled graph whose vertices are the right cosets $Hg$ for $g \in G$ and there is an edge labelled by $s$ from $Hg$ to $Hgs$ for every $g \in G$ and $s \in S$ (distinct labels yield distinct edges).

The above definition agrees with the covering of a bouquet of circles labelled by the elements of $S$ which is considered in the proof of [2, Lemma 3.4].

Proof of the Claim. We can assume, without loss of generality, that $G$ is a free group with basis $S$. By [1, Proposition III.3.1], the subgroup $H$ identifies with the fundamental group of $\Gamma = \operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ with base point $H = H \cdot 1$. Let $T$ be an affluent spanning tree of $\Gamma$ rooted at $H$ given by Lemma 2. For $v$ a vertex of $\Gamma$, we denote by $p_v$ the unique directed path joining $H$ to $v$ within $T$. Then $H$ is generated by the homotopy classes of the loops $\gamma(Hg, s) = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot p_{Hgs}^{-1}$ with $g \in G$ [1, Proof of Proposition III.2.1]. Now let $q_{Hg}$ denote a directed path from $Hgs$ to $Hg$ in $\Gamma$ of length at most $d - 1$. Then $H$ is also generated by the loops $\gamma(Hg, s) \cdot p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{Hg} = p_{Hg} \cdot s \cdot q_{Hg}$ and $p_{Hgs} \cdot q_{Hg}$ for $g \in G, s \in S$. As the latter generators are words over $S$ of length at most $2d - 1$, the proof is complete.

Fixes assertion according to which a covering and a graph can be identified
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Luc Guyot
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Definition. Let $G$ be a free group with basis $S$ and let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. The Schreier coset graph $\operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ of $G$ in $H$ with respect to $S$ is the directed and labelled graph whose vertices are the right cosets $Hg$ for $g \in G$ and whose edges are the pairs $(Hg, Hgs)$ with $g \in G$ and $s \in S$. We say that $s$ is thea label of the edge $(Hg, Hgs)$.

The above definition coincidesalmost coincides with the covering of a bouquet of circles labelled by the elements of $S$ considered in the proof of [2, Lemma 3.4]. If we consider, instead of a graph, the multigraph for which distinct labels yields a distinct edges, then the definitions coincide.

Definition. Let $G$ be a free group with basis $S$ and let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. The Schreier coset graph $\operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ of $G$ in $H$ with respect to $S$ is the directed and labelled graph whose vertices are the right cosets $Hg$ for $g \in G$ and whose edges are the pairs $(Hg, Hgs)$ with $g \in G$ and $s \in S$. We say that $s$ is the label of the edge $(Hg, Hgs)$.

The above definition coincides with the covering of a bouquet of circles labelled by the elements of $S$ considered in the proof of [2, Lemma 3.4].

Definition. Let $G$ be a free group with basis $S$ and let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. The Schreier coset graph $\operatorname{Schreier}_{G, S}(H)$ of $G$ in $H$ with respect to $S$ is the directed and labelled graph whose vertices are the right cosets $Hg$ for $g \in G$ and whose edges are the pairs $(Hg, Hgs)$ with $g \in G$ and $s \in S$. We say that $s$ is a label of the edge $(Hg, Hgs)$.

The above definition almost coincides with the covering of a bouquet of circles labelled by the elements of $S$ considered in the proof of [2, Lemma 3.4]. If we consider, instead of a graph, the multigraph for which distinct labels yields a distinct edges, then the definitions coincide.

Rewording
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Luc Guyot
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Proves that $2d - 1$ is a sharp bound for the length wrt $S$ of the generators of $H$.
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Luc Guyot
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Add reference to the Schreier's Lemma (wiki link)
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Luc Guyot
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Adds a question on the upper bounds and a remark about Lemma 3
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Luc Guyot
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Fixes a typo
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Luc Guyot
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Fixes spelling of Wagreich
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Luc Guyot
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corrected spelling of Shalen
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Danny Ruberman
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Rewrites the proof of Claim 1 by highlighting Lemma 2 (increases clarity hopefully); adds a remark on spanning subtrees and Schreier transversals
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Luc Guyot
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Mentions explicitly the content of Lemma 3.4
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Luc Guyot
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Address the OP's question completely, using the normal core of $H$ and the first claim
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Luc Guyot
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deleted 8 characters in body
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Luc Guyot
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Removes an unnecessary assumption on $S$.
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Luc Guyot
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Fixes a typo in introductory sentence and one more in the definition
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Luc Guyot
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Post Undeleted by Luc Guyot
Incremental progress on the question, assuming $H$ normal and $S$ a generating set for the monoid $G$
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Luc Guyot
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added 473 characters in body
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Luc Guyot
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Name the canonical surjection $\varphi$
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Luc Guyot
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added 8 characters in body
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Luc Guyot
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Fixed typos
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Luc Guyot
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Improves wording and fixes typos
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Luc Guyot
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