Corollary 4.1.(i) in Johnstone's book Stone Spaces (electronic version: http://gen.lib.rus.ec/get?nametype=orig&md5=C26F62F69C32101307213F1960F85BA3) statesstates that the category of realcompact spaces is dual to the full subcategory of the category of commutative rings consisting of rings of the form C(X). The functor C implements the duality.
The category of compact CW-complexes embeds into the category of realcompact spaces as a full subcategory, hence the functor C is fully faithful.