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Dec 20, 2022 at 7:27 comment added memorial As regards references, the rigorous treatment of the spectral theorem can be found in most standard introductions to functional analysis (e.g., Rudin)- I am not familiar with less rigorous treatments and have no access to a suitable library at the moment. You might try the classic by Courant and Hilbert on Methods in Mathematical Physics.
Dec 20, 2022 at 7:22 comment added memorial As regards the second question, if $T$ is a normal operator on a Hilbert space, then you can define $g(T)$ for any measurable function defined on the spectrum of $T$ (which is a subset of the complex plane). In the case of a self-adjoint operator ( as is $i \frac d{dx}$), then it is a subset of the reals. Analyticity is only required for the functional calculus of general (i.e. not normal) operators on Banach spaces.
Dec 19, 2022 at 16:44 comment added Mirar A question regarding to your answer: " g is a measurable real function on the line". Does this mean that g does not have to be analytic? Say, in discrete domain, if T has a complex eigenvalue and g is not analytic, can we still define g(T)?
Dec 19, 2022 at 16:39 comment added Mirar +1 Thanks for the time. Please forgive my imprecise mathematical language. I am engineer and just started to explore this area of mathematics. I really appreciate it if you could provide a reference (preferablly application oriented)
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Dec 19, 2022 at 15:49 history answered memorial CC BY-SA 4.0