I am just writing an answer to correct my mistake!

This is true for smooth subvarieties, roughly by the Jacobian criterion. For each closed point, the rank of the Jacobian matrix at that point equals the codimension $m$. So if you choose $m$ defining relations whose partial derivative vectors give $m$ linearly independent rows in the Jacobian matrix (or columns, depending how you write things), then those $m$ relations locally define $X_f$.

My comment above was answering a different question: this is not true if you allow $X$ to be singular. There are "topological" consequences of being a set-theoretic local complete intersection, e.g., the connectedness theorem of Hartshorne. This prevents certain singular varieties from being set-theoretic complete intersections (notice, this connectedness theorem does not prevent curves in $3$-space from being set-theoretic complete intersections, and it is open whether all curves in $3$-space are set-theoretic complete intersections).