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Aug 30, 2021 at 15:15 comment added Chris H I'd prefer to leave the question up still I think, since it really is the general behaviour for all $n$ that I'm interested in. However, I would accept any answer which can characterise the derivative using these kind of geometric considerations (for instance partial unitary invariance, as submultisets of $S^2$).
Aug 29, 2021 at 22:11 comment added Gabriel C. Drummond-Cole without something like the multiplicity condition in the question, "surjectivity + invariance" as suggested by fedja looks like it's probably possible with a weighted average of derivative with center of mass (I didn't check surjectivity rigorously).
Aug 29, 2021 at 21:16 comment added Gabriel C. Drummond-Cole I will formulate this as an answer if @ChrisH thinks it is sufficient, but I tend to agree with fedja here.
Aug 29, 2021 at 20:37 comment added fedja @მამუკაჯიბლაძე Formally yes, but really it is just another example showing that more conditions are required. I would suggest to combine surjectivity and invariance under complex linear mappings. Then for $n=2$, the midpoint becomes the only option and that is the derivative. But I'm pessimistic about large $n$ even after that. The actual question here seems to be "Is there any list of natural (whatever that means) properties to require to get an affirmative answer?"
Aug 29, 2021 at 17:28 comment added მამუკა ჯიბლაძე @GabrielC.Drummond-Cole This is an answer, is not it?
Aug 29, 2021 at 16:13 history edited Gabriel C. Drummond-Cole CC BY-SA 4.0
fixed edge case
Aug 29, 2021 at 4:42 comment added Gabriel C. Drummond-Cole Let $f$ be an odd function from $\mathbb{R}$ to $(-1,1)$ (e.g. $2\arctan(x)/\pi$). Then for $n=2$ take $\{x,y\}\mapsto \{((1+f(\mathrm{Re}(x) - \mathrm{Re}(y)))x + (1-f(\mathrm{Re}(x) - \mathrm{Re}(y)))y)/2\}$. For $f=0$ you get the derivative.
Aug 29, 2021 at 1:50 comment added Chris H Ahh thanks, I added another condition, really I want to know if the derivative is uniquely defined by its metric behaviour on zeros (multisets), but I'm not sure how to best phrase that precisely.
Aug 29, 2021 at 1:47 history edited Chris H CC BY-SA 4.0
Adding nontriviality conditions
Aug 29, 2021 at 1:38 comment added fedja Well, you, probably, want to add some extra assumptions. Otherwise something as boring as, say, center of mass repeated $n-1$ times works...
Aug 28, 2021 at 23:33 history asked Chris H CC BY-SA 4.0