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Aug 20, 2021 at 3:51 comment added Max Alekseyev In fact, $C_{n,a}$ can be similarly computed modulo $2^m$ for $m>2$, although formulas become cumbersome as $m$ grows. So, while in principle taking $2^m>\binom{n}a$ can reveal the value of $C_{q,a}$ itself, direct computation of $C_{q,a}$ will likely be easier.
Aug 19, 2021 at 21:38 comment added Max Alekseyev My intuition only tells me that computing $C_{q,a}$ may be hard.
Aug 19, 2021 at 20:05 comment added Ben Thank you! Do you have any intuition for the general question? I would also be interested if you know of a well-behaved, (hopefully "small") family of $\mathbb{Z}$-valued functions on $\{0,1,\dots, n\}$ that these $C_{q,\cdot}$ must lie in.
Aug 19, 2021 at 14:44 comment added Max Alekseyev (sign corrected) We can compute $C_{q,a}\bmod4$ by considering $q(x)$ as a function over integers, and noticing that $(−1)^{q(x)}\equiv1+2q(x)\pmod4$. Then we have $$C_{q,a}\equiv \binom{n}{a} + 2\binom{n-1}{a-1}\sum_i \alpha_i + 2\binom{n-2}{a-2} \sum_{j<k} \beta_{j,k} \pmod{4}.$$
Aug 19, 2021 at 2:44 history edited Max Alekseyev CC BY-SA 4.0
indices corrected
Aug 19, 2021 at 2:16 comment added Max Alekseyev Somewhat relevant paper: Algorithms for Modular Counting of Roots of Multivariate Polynomials
Aug 18, 2021 at 18:00 history asked Ben CC BY-SA 4.0