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Gottfried Helms
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In the concept of fractional iteration of the exponential function ("tetration") the property of $$\exp^{\circ a}(\exp^{\circ b}(z))=\exp^{\circ b}(\exp^{\circ a}(z))=\exp^{\circ a+b}(z) \tag 1$$ has been/is a very basic, even a foundational one, for my understanding.

In some recent consideration of n-periodic points it occured to me, that this cannot hold (independently of the style of interpolation, be it "regular"/"Schroeder-" or "Kneser-" or any other method), where for example with the 3-periodic points $p_1$, $p_2=\exp(p_1)$, $p_3=\exp(p_2)$, $p_1=\exp(p_3)=\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1)$ we have with some point $p_{1.1} = \exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)$ the following

$$ p_{1.1}=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1))=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1) \tag {2.1} $$ $$ \text{ but } $$ $$ \exp^{\circ 3}(\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)) \ne p_{1.1} \tag {2.2} $$


Example data: $$ \small { \begin{array} {rll} p_1&=0.90866853431523997218 + 0.67624988547121701164*I \\ p_2&=1.9350078633658531684 + 1.5528005817432416377*I \\ p_3&=0.12459758600926988160 + 6.9229773584312693320*I \\ p_4 &= \exp^{\circ 3}(p_1) = p_1 \end{array} }$$ Remark 1: the value of $p_1$ can be made arbitrarily precise by initializing $\small{p_1=1+I}$ and then iterating $\small{p_1=\ln(\ln(\ln(p_1)+2\pi I))}$ to sufficient convergence
$$ \small{ \begin{array} {rll} p_{1.1} &= \text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) &= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1 \, a}&=\exp^{\circ 3}(\text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) ) & = 0.048217006014677061506 + 0.22062947724802093650*I \\ p_{4.1\,b}&=\text{rtet}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1),0.1)&= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1\,a} & \neq p_{4.1\,b} \qquad \qquad\text{(!)} \end{array} } $$ Remark 2: here, rtet(z,height) is an implementation of fractional iteration, which is numerically approximate to the Kneser-solution as given by the implementation of S. Levenstein in the tetrationforum but works simply by diagonalization of a finite truncated Carlemanmatrix of size $\small {16 \times 16}$


That the two iterations in different orders cannot be equal can easily be seen by the argument,

  • that the infinity of 3-periodic points (as well as in general n-periodic points) is countable,
  • a continuous curve connecting $p_1 \to p_2 \to p_3 \to p_1 \to ...$ if it were itself periodic would represent uncountably many 3-periodic points,

but which is a contradiction.

Another, perhaps better known, argument comes from the allegory of a "hair" coined by R. L. Devaney in his study of periodic points in the exponential function. It says (paraphrased here)

  • that in an epsilon neighbourhood of a periodic point (say $p_1$) the iteration of any point (except of $p_1$ itself) diverges, even chaotically, towards infinity.

Of course this implies as well that there cannot be a trajectory of fractional iterates, whose partial curves $l_{12}=[p_1,p_2]$, $l_{23}=[p_2,p_3]$ and $l_{31}=[p_3,p_1]$ have the 3-periodicity $\exp^{\circ 3}(l_{12}) \ne l_{12}$. (Actually that iterations blow the partial curves out quickly and few such iterations chaotize completely any graphical plot).

This inequality in (2.1) breaks the -in my view- foundational equality (1) such that I now question at all the meaningfulness of the fractional iteration in such cases.

  • Do I possibly misrepresent/misinterpret the foundational role of (1)?

  • Has tetration been developed so far with well knowing and possibly answering the problem in (2.2)?


A discussion starting at some initial irritation because of existence of 6-periodic points, the chaotizing of the interpolated trajectories, towards more precise graphical display and towards finding the thoughts presented here can be checked at tetrationforum


A picture illustrates the partial trajectories and their non-periodicity. The coordinates of the periodic points can be approximated to arbitrary precision by simple fixpoint-iteration: P1=log(log(log(P1)+2*Pi*I)) until satisfactory precision (I use, by default, 200 internal decimal digits with Pari/GP), or Newton-iteration starting at the given coordinates.

image

A short article discussing the initial observation of existence of periodic points is here This does not arrive at the discussion of the problem of non-periodicity of the fractional iterated trajectories along the n-periodic points.

In the concept of fractional iteration of the exponential function ("tetration") the property of $$\exp^{\circ a}(\exp^{\circ b}(z))=\exp^{\circ b}(\exp^{\circ a}(z))=\exp^{\circ a+b}(z) \tag 1$$ has been/is a very basic, even a foundational one, for my understanding.

In some recent consideration of n-periodic points it occured to me, that this cannot hold (independently of the style of interpolation, be it "regular"/"Schroeder-" or "Kneser-" or any other method), where for example with the 3-periodic points $p_1$, $p_2=\exp(p_1)$, $p_3=\exp(p_2)$, $p_1=\exp(p_3)=\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1)$ we have with some point $p_{1.1} = \exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)$ the following

$$ p_{1.1}=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1))=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1) \tag {2.1} $$ $$ \text{ but } $$ $$ \exp^{\circ 3}(\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)) \ne p_{1.1} \tag {2.2} $$


Example data: $$ \small { \begin{array} {rll} p_1&=0.90866853431523997218 + 0.67624988547121701164*I \\ p_2&=1.9350078633658531684 + 1.5528005817432416377*I \\ p_3&=0.12459758600926988160 + 6.9229773584312693320*I \\ p_4 &= \exp^{\circ 3}(p_1) = p_1 \end{array} }$$ Remark 1: the value of $p_1$ can be made arbitrarily precise by initializing $\small{p_1=1+I}$ and then iterating $\small{p_1=\ln(\ln(\ln(p_1)+2\pi I))}$ to sufficient convergence
$$ \small{ \begin{array} {rll} p_{1.1} &= \text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) &= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1 \, a}&=\exp^{\circ 3}(\text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) ) & = 0.048217006014677061506 + 0.22062947724802093650*I \\ p_{4.1\,b}&=\text{rtet}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1),0.1)&= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1\,a} & \neq p_{4.1\,b} \qquad \qquad\text{(!)} \end{array} } $$ Remark 2: here, rtet(z,height) is an implementation of fractional iteration, which is numerically approximate to the Kneser-solution as given by the implementation of S. Levenstein in the tetrationforum but works simply by diagonalization of a finite truncated Carlemanmatrix


That the two iterations in different orders cannot be equal can easily be seen by the argument,

  • that the infinity of 3-periodic points (as well as in general n-periodic points) is countable,
  • a continuous curve connecting $p_1 \to p_2 \to p_3 \to p_1 \to ...$ if it were itself periodic would represent uncountably many 3-periodic points,

but which is a contradiction.

Another, perhaps better known, argument comes from the allegory of a "hair" coined by R. L. Devaney in his study of periodic points in the exponential function. It says (paraphrased here)

  • that in an epsilon neighbourhood of a periodic point (say $p_1$) the iteration of any point (except of $p_1$ itself) diverges, even chaotically, towards infinity.

Of course this implies as well that there cannot be a trajectory of fractional iterates, whose partial curves $l_{12}=[p_1,p_2]$, $l_{23}=[p_2,p_3]$ and $l_{31}=[p_3,p_1]$ have the 3-periodicity $\exp^{\circ 3}(l_{12}) \ne l_{12}$. (Actually that iterations blow the partial curves out quickly and few such iterations chaotize completely any graphical plot).

This inequality in (2.1) breaks the -in my view- foundational equality (1) such that I now question at all the meaningfulness of the fractional iteration in such cases.

  • Do I possibly misrepresent/misinterpret the foundational role of (1)?

  • Has tetration been developed so far with well knowing and possibly answering the problem in (2.2)?


A discussion starting at some initial irritation because of existence of 6-periodic points, the chaotizing of the interpolated trajectories, towards more precise graphical display and towards finding the thoughts presented here can be checked at tetrationforum


A picture illustrates the partial trajectories and their non-periodicity. The coordinates of the periodic points can be approximated to arbitrary precision by simple fixpoint-iteration: P1=log(log(log(P1)+2*Pi*I)) until satisfactory precision (I use, by default, 200 internal decimal digits with Pari/GP), or Newton-iteration starting at the given coordinates.

image

A short article discussing the initial observation of existence of periodic points is here This does not arrive at the discussion of the problem of non-periodicity of the fractional iterated trajectories along the n-periodic points.

In the concept of fractional iteration of the exponential function ("tetration") the property of $$\exp^{\circ a}(\exp^{\circ b}(z))=\exp^{\circ b}(\exp^{\circ a}(z))=\exp^{\circ a+b}(z) \tag 1$$ has been/is a very basic, even a foundational one, for my understanding.

In some recent consideration of n-periodic points it occured to me, that this cannot hold (independently of the style of interpolation, be it "regular"/"Schroeder-" or "Kneser-" or any other method), where for example with the 3-periodic points $p_1$, $p_2=\exp(p_1)$, $p_3=\exp(p_2)$, $p_1=\exp(p_3)=\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1)$ we have with some point $p_{1.1} = \exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)$ the following

$$ p_{1.1}=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1))=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1) \tag {2.1} $$ $$ \text{ but } $$ $$ \exp^{\circ 3}(\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)) \ne p_{1.1} \tag {2.2} $$


Example data: $$ \small { \begin{array} {rll} p_1&=0.90866853431523997218 + 0.67624988547121701164*I \\ p_2&=1.9350078633658531684 + 1.5528005817432416377*I \\ p_3&=0.12459758600926988160 + 6.9229773584312693320*I \\ p_4 &= \exp^{\circ 3}(p_1) = p_1 \end{array} }$$ Remark 1: the value of $p_1$ can be made arbitrarily precise by initializing $\small{p_1=1+I}$ and then iterating $\small{p_1=\ln(\ln(\ln(p_1)+2\pi I))}$ to sufficient convergence
$$ \small{ \begin{array} {rll} p_{1.1} &= \text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) &= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1 \, a}&=\exp^{\circ 3}(\text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) ) & = 0.048217006014677061506 + 0.22062947724802093650*I \\ p_{4.1\,b}&=\text{rtet}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1),0.1)&= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1\,a} & \neq p_{4.1\,b} \qquad \qquad\text{(!)} \end{array} } $$ Remark 2: here, rtet(z,height) is an implementation of fractional iteration, which is numerically approximate to the Kneser-solution as given by the implementation of S. Levenstein in the tetrationforum but works simply by diagonalization of a finite truncated Carlemanmatrix of size $\small {16 \times 16}$


That the two iterations in different orders cannot be equal can easily be seen by the argument,

  • that the infinity of 3-periodic points (as well as in general n-periodic points) is countable,
  • a continuous curve connecting $p_1 \to p_2 \to p_3 \to p_1 \to ...$ if it were itself periodic would represent uncountably many 3-periodic points,

but which is a contradiction.

Another, perhaps better known, argument comes from the allegory of a "hair" coined by R. L. Devaney in his study of periodic points in the exponential function. It says (paraphrased here)

  • that in an epsilon neighbourhood of a periodic point (say $p_1$) the iteration of any point (except of $p_1$ itself) diverges, even chaotically, towards infinity.

Of course this implies as well that there cannot be a trajectory of fractional iterates, whose partial curves $l_{12}=[p_1,p_2]$, $l_{23}=[p_2,p_3]$ and $l_{31}=[p_3,p_1]$ have the 3-periodicity $\exp^{\circ 3}(l_{12}) \ne l_{12}$. (Actually that iterations blow the partial curves out quickly and few such iterations chaotize completely any graphical plot).

This inequality in (2.1) breaks the -in my view- foundational equality (1) such that I now question at all the meaningfulness of the fractional iteration in such cases.

  • Do I possibly misrepresent/misinterpret the foundational role of (1)?

  • Has tetration been developed so far with well knowing and possibly answering the problem in (2.2)?


A discussion starting at some initial irritation because of existence of 6-periodic points, the chaotizing of the interpolated trajectories, towards more precise graphical display and towards finding the thoughts presented here can be checked at tetrationforum


A picture illustrates the partial trajectories and their non-periodicity. The coordinates of the periodic points can be approximated to arbitrary precision by simple fixpoint-iteration: P1=log(log(log(P1)+2*Pi*I)) until satisfactory precision (I use, by default, 200 internal decimal digits with Pari/GP), or Newton-iteration starting at the given coordinates.

image

A short article discussing the initial observation of existence of periodic points is here This does not arrive at the discussion of the problem of non-periodicity of the fractional iterated trajectories along the n-periodic points.

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Gottfried Helms
  • 5.3k
  • 1
  • 22
  • 38

In the concept of fractional iteration of the exponential function ("tetration") the property of $$\exp^{\circ a}(\exp^{\circ b}(z))=\exp^{\circ b}(\exp^{\circ a}(z))=\exp^{\circ a+b}(z) \tag 1$$ has been/is a very basic, even a foundational one, for my understanding.

In some recent consideration of n-periodic points it occured to me, that this cannot hold (independently of the style of interpolation, be it "regular"/"Schroeder-" or "Kneser-" or any other method), where for example with the 3-periodic points $p_1$, $p_2=\exp(p_1)$, $p_3=\exp(p_2)$, $p_1=\exp(p_3)=\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1)$ we have with some point $p_{1.1} = \exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)$ the following

$$ p_{1.1}=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1))=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1) \tag {2.1} $$ $$ \text{ but } $$ $$ \exp^{\circ 3}(\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)) \ne p_{1.1} \tag {2.2} $$


Example data: $$ \small { \begin{array} {rll} p_1&=0.90866853431523997218 + 0.67624988547121701164*I \\ p_2&=1.9350078633658531684 + 1.5528005817432416377*I \\ p_3&=0.12459758600926988160 + 6.9229773584312693320*I \\ p_4 &= \exp^{\circ 3}(p_1) = p_1\\ \end{array} \\ \begin{array} {rll} p_{1.1} &= \text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) &= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1 \, a}&=\exp^{\circ 3}(\text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) ) & = 0.048217006014677061506 + 0.22062947724802093650*I \\ p_{4.1\,b}&=\text{rtet}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1),0.1)&= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \end{array} } $$$$ \small { \begin{array} {rll} p_1&=0.90866853431523997218 + 0.67624988547121701164*I \\ p_2&=1.9350078633658531684 + 1.5528005817432416377*I \\ p_3&=0.12459758600926988160 + 6.9229773584312693320*I \\ p_4 &= \exp^{\circ 3}(p_1) = p_1 \end{array} }$$ Remark 1: the value of $p_1$ can be made arbitrarily precise by initializing $\small{p_1=1+I}$ and then iterating $\small{p_1=\ln(\ln(\ln(p_1)+2\pi I))}$ to sufficient convergence
$$ \small{ \begin{array} {rll} p_{1.1} &= \text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) &= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1 \, a}&=\exp^{\circ 3}(\text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) ) & = 0.048217006014677061506 + 0.22062947724802093650*I \\ p_{4.1\,b}&=\text{rtet}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1),0.1)&= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1\,a} & \neq p_{4.1\,b} \qquad \qquad\text{(!)} \end{array} } $$ Remark 2: here, rtet(z,height) is an implementation of fractional iteration, which is numerically approximate to the Kneser-solution as given by the implementation of S. Levenstein in the tetrationforum (rtet()but works simply by diagonalization of a finite matrix)truncated Carlemanmatrix


That the two iterations in different orders cannot be equal can easily be seen by the argument,

  • that the infinity of 3-periodic points (as well as in general n-periodic points) is countable,
  • a continuous curve connecting $p_1 \to p_2 \to p_3 \to p_1 \to ...$ if it were itself periodic would represent uncountably many 3-periodic points,

but which is a contradiction.

Another, perhaps better known, argument comes from the allegory of a "hair" coined by R. L. Devaney in his study of periodic points in the exponential function. It says (paraphrased here)

  • that in an epsilon neighbourhood of a periodic point (say $p_1$) the iteration of any point (except of $p_1$ itself) diverges, even chaotically, towards infinity.

Of course this implies as well that there cannot be a trajectory of fractional iterates, whose partial curves $l_{12}=[p_1,p_2]$, $l_{23}=[p_2,p_3]$ and $l_{31}=[p_3,p_1]$ have the 3-periodicity $\exp^{\circ 3}(l_{12}) \ne l_{12}$. (Actually that iterations blow the partial curves out quickly and few such iterations chaotize completely any graphical plot).

This inequality in (2.1) breaks the -in my view- foundational equality (1) such that I now question at all the meaningfulness of the fractional iteration in such cases.

  • Do I possibly misrepresent/misinterpret the foundational role of (1)?

  • Has tetration been developed so far with well knowing and possibly answering the problem in (2.2)?


A discussion starting at some initial irritation because of existence of 6-periodic points, the chaotizing of the interpolated trajectories, towards more precise graphical display and towards finding the thoughts presented here can be checked at tetrationforum


A picture illustrates the partial trajectories and their non-periodicity. The coordinates of the periodic points can be approximated to arbitrary precision by simple fixpoint-iteration: P1=log(log(log(P1)+2*Pi*I)) until satisfactory precision (I use, by default, 200 internal decimal digits with Pari/GP), or Newton-iteration starting at the given coordinates.

image

A short article discussing the initial observation of existence of periodic points is here This does not arrive at the discussion of the problem of non-periodicity of the fractional iterated trajectories along the n-periodic points.

In the concept of fractional iteration of the exponential function ("tetration") the property of $$\exp^{\circ a}(\exp^{\circ b}(z))=\exp^{\circ b}(\exp^{\circ a}(z))=\exp^{\circ a+b}(z) \tag 1$$ has been/is a very basic, even a foundational one, for my understanding.

In some recent consideration of n-periodic points it occured to me, that this cannot hold (independently of the style of interpolation, be it "regular"/"Schroeder-" or "Kneser-" or any other method), where for example with the 3-periodic points $p_1$, $p_2=\exp(p_1)$, $p_3=\exp(p_2)$, $p_1=\exp(p_3)=\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1)$ we have with some point $p_{1.1} = \exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)$ the following

$$ p_{1.1}=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1))=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1) \tag {2.1} $$ $$ \text{ but } $$ $$ \exp^{\circ 3}(\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)) \ne p_{1.1} \tag {2.2} $$


Example data: $$ \small { \begin{array} {rll} p_1&=0.90866853431523997218 + 0.67624988547121701164*I \\ p_2&=1.9350078633658531684 + 1.5528005817432416377*I \\ p_3&=0.12459758600926988160 + 6.9229773584312693320*I \\ p_4 &= \exp^{\circ 3}(p_1) = p_1\\ \end{array} \\ \begin{array} {rll} p_{1.1} &= \text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) &= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1 \, a}&=\exp^{\circ 3}(\text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) ) & = 0.048217006014677061506 + 0.22062947724802093650*I \\ p_{4.1\,b}&=\text{rtet}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1),0.1)&= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \end{array} } $$ Remark: here, rtet(z,height) is an implementation of fractional iteration, which is numerically approximate to the Kneser-solution as given by the implementation of S. Levenstein in the tetrationforum (rtet() works by diagonalization of a finite matrix)


That the two iterations in different orders cannot be equal can easily be seen by the argument,

  • that the infinity of 3-periodic points (as well as in general n-periodic points) is countable,
  • a continuous curve connecting $p_1 \to p_2 \to p_3 \to p_1 \to ...$ if it were itself periodic would represent uncountably many 3-periodic points,

but which is a contradiction.

Another, perhaps better known, argument comes from the allegory of a "hair" coined by R. L. Devaney in his study of periodic points in the exponential function. It says (paraphrased here)

  • that in an epsilon neighbourhood of a periodic point (say $p_1$) the iteration of any point (except of $p_1$ itself) diverges, even chaotically, towards infinity.

Of course this implies as well that there cannot be a trajectory of fractional iterates, whose partial curves $l_{12}=[p_1,p_2]$, $l_{23}=[p_2,p_3]$ and $l_{31}=[p_3,p_1]$ have the 3-periodicity $\exp^{\circ 3}(l_{12}) \ne l_{12}$. (Actually that iterations blow the partial curves out quickly and few such iterations chaotize completely any graphical plot).

This inequality in (2.1) breaks the -in my view- foundational equality (1) such that I now question at all the meaningfulness of the fractional iteration in such cases.

  • Do I possibly misrepresent/misinterpret the foundational role of (1)?

  • Has tetration been developed so far with well knowing and possibly answering the problem in (2.2)?


A discussion starting at some initial irritation because of existence of 6-periodic points, the chaotizing of the interpolated trajectories, towards more precise graphical display and towards finding the thoughts presented here can be checked at tetrationforum


A picture illustrates the partial trajectories and their non-periodicity. The coordinates of the periodic points can be approximated to arbitrary precision by simple fixpoint-iteration: P1=log(log(log(P1)+2*Pi*I)) until satisfactory precision (I use, by default, 200 internal decimal digits with Pari/GP), or Newton-iteration starting at the given coordinates.

image

A short article discussing the initial observation of existence of periodic points is here This does not arrive at the discussion of the problem of non-periodicity of the fractional iterated trajectories along the n-periodic points.

In the concept of fractional iteration of the exponential function ("tetration") the property of $$\exp^{\circ a}(\exp^{\circ b}(z))=\exp^{\circ b}(\exp^{\circ a}(z))=\exp^{\circ a+b}(z) \tag 1$$ has been/is a very basic, even a foundational one, for my understanding.

In some recent consideration of n-periodic points it occured to me, that this cannot hold (independently of the style of interpolation, be it "regular"/"Schroeder-" or "Kneser-" or any other method), where for example with the 3-periodic points $p_1$, $p_2=\exp(p_1)$, $p_3=\exp(p_2)$, $p_1=\exp(p_3)=\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1)$ we have with some point $p_{1.1} = \exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)$ the following

$$ p_{1.1}=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1))=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1) \tag {2.1} $$ $$ \text{ but } $$ $$ \exp^{\circ 3}(\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)) \ne p_{1.1} \tag {2.2} $$


Example data: $$ \small { \begin{array} {rll} p_1&=0.90866853431523997218 + 0.67624988547121701164*I \\ p_2&=1.9350078633658531684 + 1.5528005817432416377*I \\ p_3&=0.12459758600926988160 + 6.9229773584312693320*I \\ p_4 &= \exp^{\circ 3}(p_1) = p_1 \end{array} }$$ Remark 1: the value of $p_1$ can be made arbitrarily precise by initializing $\small{p_1=1+I}$ and then iterating $\small{p_1=\ln(\ln(\ln(p_1)+2\pi I))}$ to sufficient convergence
$$ \small{ \begin{array} {rll} p_{1.1} &= \text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) &= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1 \, a}&=\exp^{\circ 3}(\text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) ) & = 0.048217006014677061506 + 0.22062947724802093650*I \\ p_{4.1\,b}&=\text{rtet}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1),0.1)&= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1\,a} & \neq p_{4.1\,b} \qquad \qquad\text{(!)} \end{array} } $$ Remark 2: here, rtet(z,height) is an implementation of fractional iteration, which is numerically approximate to the Kneser-solution as given by the implementation of S. Levenstein in the tetrationforum but works simply by diagonalization of a finite truncated Carlemanmatrix


That the two iterations in different orders cannot be equal can easily be seen by the argument,

  • that the infinity of 3-periodic points (as well as in general n-periodic points) is countable,
  • a continuous curve connecting $p_1 \to p_2 \to p_3 \to p_1 \to ...$ if it were itself periodic would represent uncountably many 3-periodic points,

but which is a contradiction.

Another, perhaps better known, argument comes from the allegory of a "hair" coined by R. L. Devaney in his study of periodic points in the exponential function. It says (paraphrased here)

  • that in an epsilon neighbourhood of a periodic point (say $p_1$) the iteration of any point (except of $p_1$ itself) diverges, even chaotically, towards infinity.

Of course this implies as well that there cannot be a trajectory of fractional iterates, whose partial curves $l_{12}=[p_1,p_2]$, $l_{23}=[p_2,p_3]$ and $l_{31}=[p_3,p_1]$ have the 3-periodicity $\exp^{\circ 3}(l_{12}) \ne l_{12}$. (Actually that iterations blow the partial curves out quickly and few such iterations chaotize completely any graphical plot).

This inequality in (2.1) breaks the -in my view- foundational equality (1) such that I now question at all the meaningfulness of the fractional iteration in such cases.

  • Do I possibly misrepresent/misinterpret the foundational role of (1)?

  • Has tetration been developed so far with well knowing and possibly answering the problem in (2.2)?


A discussion starting at some initial irritation because of existence of 6-periodic points, the chaotizing of the interpolated trajectories, towards more precise graphical display and towards finding the thoughts presented here can be checked at tetrationforum


A picture illustrates the partial trajectories and their non-periodicity. The coordinates of the periodic points can be approximated to arbitrary precision by simple fixpoint-iteration: P1=log(log(log(P1)+2*Pi*I)) until satisfactory precision (I use, by default, 200 internal decimal digits with Pari/GP), or Newton-iteration starting at the given coordinates.

image

A short article discussing the initial observation of existence of periodic points is here This does not arrive at the discussion of the problem of non-periodicity of the fractional iterated trajectories along the n-periodic points.

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Gottfried Helms
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In the concept of fractional iteration of the exponential function ("tetration") the property of $$\exp^{\circ a}(\exp^{\circ b}(z))=\exp^{\circ b}(\exp^{\circ a}(z))=\exp^{\circ a+b}(z) \tag 1$$ has been/is a very basic, even a foundational one, for my understanding.

In some recent consideration of n-periodic points it occured to me, that this cannot hold (independently of the style of interpolation, be it "regular"/"Schroeder-" or "Kneser-" or any other method), where for example with the 3-periodic points $p_1$, $p_2=\exp(p_1)$, $p_3=\exp(p_2)$, $p_1=\exp(p_3)=\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1)$ we have with some point $p_{1.1} = \exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)$ the following

$$ p_{1.1}=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1))=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1) \tag {2.1} $$ $$ \text{ but } $$ $$ \exp^{\circ 3}(\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)) \ne p_{1.1} \tag {2.2} $$

 

ThisExample data: $$ \small { \begin{array} {rll} p_1&=0.90866853431523997218 + 0.67624988547121701164*I \\ p_2&=1.9350078633658531684 + 1.5528005817432416377*I \\ p_3&=0.12459758600926988160 + 6.9229773584312693320*I \\ p_4 &= \exp^{\circ 3}(p_1) = p_1\\ \end{array} \\ \begin{array} {rll} p_{1.1} &= \text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) &= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1 \, a}&=\exp^{\circ 3}(\text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) ) & = 0.048217006014677061506 + 0.22062947724802093650*I \\ p_{4.1\,b}&=\text{rtet}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1),0.1)&= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \end{array} } $$ Remark: here, rtet(z,height) is an implementation of fractional iteration, which is numerically approximate to the Kneser-solution as given by the implementation of S. Levenstein in the tetrationforum (rtet() works by diagonalization of a finite matrix)


That the two iterations in different orders cannot be equal can easily be seen by the argument,

  • that the infinity of 3_periodic3-periodic points (as well as in general nn-periodic points) is countable,
  • a continuous curve connecting $p_1 \to p_2 \to p_3 \to p_1 \to ...$ if it were itself periodic mustwould represent uncountably many 33-periodic points,

but which is a contradiction.

Another, perhaps better known, argument comes from the allegory of a "hair" coined by R. L. Devaney in his study of periodic points in the exponential function. It says (paraphrased here)

  • that in an epsilon neighbourhood of a periodic point (say $p_1$) the iteration of any point (except of $p_1$ itself) diverges, even chaotically, towards infinity.

Of course this implies as well that there cannot be a trajectory of fractional iterates, whose partial curves $l_{12}=[p_1,p_2]$, $l_{23}=[p_2,p_3]$ and $l_{31}=[p_3,p_1]$ have the 3-periodicity $\exp^{\circ 3}(l_{12}) \ne l_{12}$. (Actually that iterations blow the partial curves out quickly and few such iterations chaotize completely any graphical plot).

This inequality in (2.1) breaks the -in my view- foundational equality (1) such that I now question at all the meaningfulness of the fractional iteration in such cases.

  • Do I possibly misrepresent/misinterpret the foundational role of (1)?

  • Has tetration been developed so far with well knowing and possibly answering the problem in (2.2)?


A discussion starting at some initial irritation because of existence of 6-periodic points, the chaotizing of the interpolated trajectories, towards more precise graphical display and towards finding the thoughts presented here can be checked at tetrationforum


A picture illustrates the partial trajectories and their non-periodicity. The coordinates of the periodic points can be approximated to arbitrary precision by simple fixpoint-iteration: P1=log(log(log(P1)+2*Pi*I)) until satisfactory precision (I use, by default, 200 internal decimal digits with Pari/GP), or Newton-iteration starting at the given coordinates.

image

A short article discussing the initial observation of existence of periodic points is here This does not arrive at the discussion of the problem of non-periodicity of the fractional iterated trajectories along the n-periodic points.

In the concept of fractional iteration of the exponential function ("tetration") the property of $$\exp^{\circ a}(\exp^{\circ b}(z))=\exp^{\circ b}(\exp^{\circ a}(z))=\exp^{\circ a+b}(z) \tag 1$$ has been/is a very basic, even a foundational one, for my understanding.

In some recent consideration of n-periodic points it occured to me, that this cannot hold (independently of the style of interpolation, be it "regular"/"Schroeder-" or "Kneser-" or any other method), where for example with the 3-periodic points $p_1$, $p_2=\exp(p_1)$, $p_3=\exp(p_2)$, $p_1=\exp(p_3)=\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1)$ we have with some point $p_{1.1} = \exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)$ the following

$$ p_{1.1}=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1))=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1) \tag {2.1} $$ $$ \text{ but } $$ $$ \exp^{\circ 3}(\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)) \ne p_{1.1} \tag {2.2} $$

This can easily be seen by the argument,

  • that the infinity of 3_periodic points (as well as in general n-periodic points) is countable,
  • a continuous curve connecting $p_1 \to p_2 \to p_3 \to p_1 \to ...$ if it were itself periodic must represent uncountably many 3-periodic points,

but which is a contradiction.

Another, perhaps better known, argument comes from the allegory of a "hair" coined by R. L. Devaney in his study of periodic points in the exponential function. It says (paraphrased here)

  • that in an epsilon neighbourhood of a periodic point (say $p_1$) the iteration of any point (except of $p_1$ itself) diverges, even chaotically, towards infinity.

Of course this implies as well that there cannot be a trajectory of fractional iterates, whose partial curves $l_{12}=[p_1,p_2]$, $l_{23}=[p_2,p_3]$ and $l_{31}=[p_3,p_1]$ have the 3-periodicity $\exp^{\circ 3}(l_{12}) \ne l_{12}$. (Actually that iterations blow the partial curves out quickly and few such iterations chaotize completely any graphical plot).

This inequality in (2.1) breaks the -in my view- foundational equality (1) such that I now question at all the meaningfulness of the fractional iteration in such cases.

  • Do I possibly misrepresent/misinterpret the foundational role of (1)?

  • Has tetration been developed so far with well knowing and possibly answering the problem in (2.2)?


A discussion starting at some initial irritation because of existence of 6-periodic points, the chaotizing of the interpolated trajectories, towards more precise graphical display and towards finding the thoughts presented here can be checked at tetrationforum


A picture illustrates the partial trajectories and their non-periodicity. The coordinates of the periodic points can be approximated to arbitrary precision by simple fixpoint-iteration: P1=log(log(log(P1)+2*Pi*I)) until satisfactory precision (I use, by default, 200 internal decimal digits with Pari/GP), or Newton-iteration starting at the given coordinates.

image

A short article discussing the initial observation of existence of periodic points is here This does not arrive at the discussion of the problem of non-periodicity of the fractional iterated trajectories along the n-periodic points.

In the concept of fractional iteration of the exponential function ("tetration") the property of $$\exp^{\circ a}(\exp^{\circ b}(z))=\exp^{\circ b}(\exp^{\circ a}(z))=\exp^{\circ a+b}(z) \tag 1$$ has been/is a very basic, even a foundational one, for my understanding.

In some recent consideration of n-periodic points it occured to me, that this cannot hold (independently of the style of interpolation, be it "regular"/"Schroeder-" or "Kneser-" or any other method), where for example with the 3-periodic points $p_1$, $p_2=\exp(p_1)$, $p_3=\exp(p_2)$, $p_1=\exp(p_3)=\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1)$ we have with some point $p_{1.1} = \exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)$ the following

$$ p_{1.1}=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1))=\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1) \tag {2.1} $$ $$ \text{ but } $$ $$ \exp^{\circ 3}(\exp^{\circ 0.1}(p_1)) \ne p_{1.1} \tag {2.2} $$

 

Example data: $$ \small { \begin{array} {rll} p_1&=0.90866853431523997218 + 0.67624988547121701164*I \\ p_2&=1.9350078633658531684 + 1.5528005817432416377*I \\ p_3&=0.12459758600926988160 + 6.9229773584312693320*I \\ p_4 &= \exp^{\circ 3}(p_1) = p_1\\ \end{array} \\ \begin{array} {rll} p_{1.1} &= \text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) &= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \\ p_{4.1 \, a}&=\exp^{\circ 3}(\text{rtet}(p_1,0.1) ) & = 0.048217006014677061506 + 0.22062947724802093650*I \\ p_{4.1\,b}&=\text{rtet}(\exp^{\circ 3}(p_1),0.1)&= 0.99523184831984789219 + 0.70987078655389452780*I \end{array} } $$ Remark: here, rtet(z,height) is an implementation of fractional iteration, which is numerically approximate to the Kneser-solution as given by the implementation of S. Levenstein in the tetrationforum (rtet() works by diagonalization of a finite matrix)


That the two iterations in different orders cannot be equal can easily be seen by the argument,

  • that the infinity of 3-periodic points (as well as in general n-periodic points) is countable,
  • a continuous curve connecting $p_1 \to p_2 \to p_3 \to p_1 \to ...$ if it were itself periodic would represent uncountably many 3-periodic points,

but which is a contradiction.

Another, perhaps better known, argument comes from the allegory of a "hair" coined by R. L. Devaney in his study of periodic points in the exponential function. It says (paraphrased here)

  • that in an epsilon neighbourhood of a periodic point (say $p_1$) the iteration of any point (except of $p_1$ itself) diverges, even chaotically, towards infinity.

Of course this implies as well that there cannot be a trajectory of fractional iterates, whose partial curves $l_{12}=[p_1,p_2]$, $l_{23}=[p_2,p_3]$ and $l_{31}=[p_3,p_1]$ have the 3-periodicity $\exp^{\circ 3}(l_{12}) \ne l_{12}$. (Actually that iterations blow the partial curves out quickly and few such iterations chaotize completely any graphical plot).

This inequality in (2.1) breaks the -in my view- foundational equality (1) such that I now question at all the meaningfulness of the fractional iteration in such cases.

  • Do I possibly misrepresent/misinterpret the foundational role of (1)?

  • Has tetration been developed so far with well knowing and possibly answering the problem in (2.2)?


A discussion starting at some initial irritation because of existence of 6-periodic points, the chaotizing of the interpolated trajectories, towards more precise graphical display and towards finding the thoughts presented here can be checked at tetrationforum


A picture illustrates the partial trajectories and their non-periodicity. The coordinates of the periodic points can be approximated to arbitrary precision by simple fixpoint-iteration: P1=log(log(log(P1)+2*Pi*I)) until satisfactory precision (I use, by default, 200 internal decimal digits with Pari/GP), or Newton-iteration starting at the given coordinates.

image

A short article discussing the initial observation of existence of periodic points is here This does not arrive at the discussion of the problem of non-periodicity of the fractional iterated trajectories along the n-periodic points.

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Gottfried Helms
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Gottfried Helms
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Gottfried Helms
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