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Apr 20, 2021 at 18:24 vote accept Philipp Wacker
Apr 20, 2021 at 12:00 comment added Iosif Pinelis (ii) The inequality $E|(1-\sqrt t)X+\sqrt t\,(X+Y)|^p\le(1-\sqrt t)^p E|X|^p+(\sqrt t)^p E|X+Y|^p$ follows from the inequality $(a+b)^p\le a^p+b^p$ for $p\in(0,1]$ and nonnegative $a,b$, and standard properties of the expectation.
Apr 20, 2021 at 11:56 comment added Iosif Pinelis @MercuryBench : (i) The path here is quite irrelevant. The expectation of a given function of two random variables (r.v.'s) (here of $X$ and $W_t$) depends only on the joint distribution of the r.v.'s. In this case, $X$ is independent of each $W_t$, so that the joint distribution of $X$ and $W_t$ is determined by the individual distributions of $X$ and of $W_t$. Also, $W_t$ has the same distribution as $\sqrt t\,W_1$. So, the joint distribution of $X$ and $W_t$ is the same as that of $X$ and $\sqrt t\,W_1$. So, $E|X+W_t|^p=E|X+\sqrt t\,W_1|^p=E|X+\sqrt t\,Y|^p$.
Apr 20, 2021 at 6:16 comment added Philipp Wacker And, also, why does $E|(1-\sqrt t)X+\sqrt t\,(X+Y)|^p \le(1-\sqrt t)^p E|X|^p+(\sqrt t)^p E|X+Y|^p$ hold? For $p<1$ we do not have the Minkowski inequality, right?
Apr 20, 2021 at 6:07 comment added Philipp Wacker And I can just swap random variables out with other ones having the same distribution? I am worried that I can't do that here because the path of $W_t$ and $\sqrt t W_1$ are very different.
Apr 20, 2021 at 5:54 comment added Anthony Quas $W_t$ has the same distribution as $\sqrt t W_1$.
Apr 20, 2021 at 5:32 comment added Philipp Wacker But $W_t \neq \sqrt t W_1$, so I don't understand why the first term is valid.
Apr 19, 2021 at 23:29 history answered Iosif Pinelis CC BY-SA 4.0